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The Role of Nitric Oxide Supplements and Foods in Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Nathan S. Bryan, Ernst R. von Schwarz
The standard American diet (SAD) is also enriched in simple carbohydrates and high sugar. Excess carbohydrate or sugar consumption leads to advanced glycosylation end-products (AGEs). AGEs reduce the production and activity of NO. NO inhibits many of the mechanisms that lead to CVD, such as leukocyte adhesion to the vessel wall, vascular smooth muscle growth, and platelet adhesion and aggregation. The NO inhibitory effect of AGEs on NO will accelerate CVD.30 In fact, studies reveal that AGEs inhibit the antiproliferative effects of NO.31 Moreover, impaired vasodilation in diabetes may be a result of AGEs’ reduction of NO activity.30 Mechanistically, it is clear that AGEs reduce the half-life of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) mRNA through an increased rate of mRNA degradation and reduced eNOS activity.32 Another mechanism proposes that AGEs impair NO production by causing a reduction in phosphorylation of serine residues in eNOS, resulting in deactivation of the enzyme.33 AGEs may also quench and inactivate endothelium-derived NO.30 AGE formation from high sugar and carbohydrate intake also results in the production of reactive oxygen species through the activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase.34
Biochemistry of Exercise Effects in Type 2 Diabetes
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Barry Braun, Karyn L. Hamilton, Dan S. Lark, Alissa Newman
The mechanisms linking T2D to vascular dysfunction have been described in detail elsewhere (225). Briefly, reduced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (177) is implicated, which may explain reduced insulin-stimulated vasodilation. Studies in diet-induced obese rodents demonstrate that glucose delivery is the rate-limiting step for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (71). Like insulin, exercise increases local blood flow and enhances glucose delivery both during (4, 72) and after exercise (9), and pre-clinical studies provide evidence that exercise can restore or reverse the microvascular dysfunction imposed by diabetes (143, 157).
The cardiovascular system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Mary N Sheppard, C. Simon Herrington
Regular exercise lowers the risk of ischaemic heart disease. Exercise lowers weight and blood pressure, raises blood HDL levels, and upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Obesity raises blood pressure, blood lipids, and insulin resistance, but, in addition, is an independent risk factor. Abdominal obesity, the predominant male pattern, is believed to be especially harmful.
Development of gamma-tocotrienol as a radiation medical countermeasure for the acute radiation syndrome: current status and future perspectives
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
GT3 is known to be an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, and it reduces vascular peroxynitrite generation through its inhibition. Consequently, the radioprotective efficacy of GT3 is thought to be, at least in part, due to its ability to concentrate in endothelial cells and inhibit HMG-CoA reductase. Such inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase have significant vasculoprotective, anti-inflammatory, as well as anti-fibrotic efficacy [35,44,47]. These activities are mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Like other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, GT3 also upregulates thrombomodulin, an anticoagulant with radioprotective efficacy. The radioprotective efficacy of GT3 has been shown to be dependent on its ability to upregulate endothelial cell thrombomodulin. It has been speculated that additive or synergistic radioprotection can be obtained by the use of GT3 or other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in combination with thrombomodulin and/or activated protein C [58].
Taekwondo training reduces blood catecholamine levels and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with stage-2 hypertension: randomized clinical trial
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2019
Sang Ho Lee, Steven D. Scott, Elizabeth J. Pekas, Seungyong Lee, Seok Hoon Lee, Song Young Park
There have been several mechanisms proposed for the exercise-induced reductions in baPWV and BP similar to what was observed in this study. One potential mechanism responsible for these changes may be an exercise-induced increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, leading to a greater bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator that is believed to play a role in reducing arterial stiffness (21). In fact, a reduced baPWV and an increase in circulating NO was observed in postmenopausal women after a 12-week stair climbing exercise intervention (34). Additionally, since we have shown that resting EP levels and HR reduced following Taekwondo training, an improvement in autonomic nervous system function may be another proposed mechanism for the reduced baPWV and BP in this study. This is supported by our previous research which has shown that a 12-week stair climbing intervention was able to reduce resting heart rate in postmenopausal women with stage-2 hypertension (21). Additionally, an 8-week moderate-intensity exercise intervention was shown to improve heart rate variability in sedentary postmenopausal women (35).
Research of stroke combined hyperlipidemia-induced erectile dysfunction in rat model
Published in The Aging Male, 2019
Ji-Sheng Wang, Heng-Heng Dai, Yu-Bing Yan, Xi-Hao Gong, Xiao Li, Hai-Song Li, Bin Wang
Stroke as a high risk type of cardiovascular which is gained the extensive mind all over the world [7]. Among stroke cases, ischemic stroke accounts for the vast majority (85%) [8] and poses a significant threat to life. Li et al. have found that caspase-3 plays an important role in stroke [7]. Last year, Zhu et al. indicate that endothelial-NOS (eNOS) expression is suppressed in stroke [9]. A meta-analysis with 138,592 cases and 159,314 controls find that MTHFR, eNOS, PDE4D, ACE, and AGT have crucial connection to ischemic stroke development [10]. Interestingly, many researchers have found that eNOS have close relationship with erectile dysfunction (ED) as well [11]. Chung et al. get a conclusion that ED can serve as a surrogate for stroke in male according to the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database [12]. For this, we have reason to believe that there exists an unknown contact between stroke and ED.