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Cellular Components of Blood
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The Embden–Meyerhof pathway produces two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose, which is metabolized to lactate. The ATP is required for the maintenance of red cell shape, volume and flexibility by a Na+/K+-ATPase pump. Three shunts from the Emden-Meyerhof pathway are also important in red blood cell metabolism: the hexose monophosphate pathway; the methaemoglobin reductase pathway; and the Rapoport–Luebering shunt.
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Published in Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass, Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
RBC enzyme abnormalities may occasionally underlie a polycythemia. Intracellular organic phosphates such as 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) can alter Hb oxygen affinity. Decreased levels of this enzyme in the glycolytic (Embden-Meyerhof) pathway result in a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the left and reduced oxygen release to the tissues. Hemoglobin Hiroshima has reduced levels of 2,3-DPG, resulting in mild tissue hypoxia and secondary polycythemia.
Physiology of blood
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2015
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The Embden–Meyerhof pathway produces two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose which is metabolized to lactate. The ATP is required for the maintenance of red cell shape, volume and flexibility by a Na+/K+ −ATPase pump. NADH is also generated by the Embden–Meyerhof pathway, which is required by methaemoglobin reductase to reduce methaemoglobin to Hb. Some 1,3-DPG is converted to 2,3-DPG by the Rapoport–Luebering shunt.
In vivo evaluation of electron mediators for the reduction of methemoglobin encapsulated in liposomes using electron energies produced by red blood cell glycolysis
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Semhar Ghirmai, Leif Bülow, Hiromi Sakai
In red blood cells (RBCs), ferric metHb is mainly reduced by NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase via cytochrome b5, NADPH metHb reductase and NADPH-flavin reductase. According to a simulation study of metHb reduction, the NADPH-flavin pathway is used under normal physiological conditions where the oxidative stress is low and metHb levels are low. Conversely, the NADH-cytochrome b5 pathway plays a major role when oxidative stress is high [11]. These electron-energy-rich molecules are re-energized repeatedly during the glycolysis of RBCs. Glucose, the main energy source for the cells, is metabolized through glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP), also known as the pentose phosphate pathway [12,13]. In the presence of metHb, the electron-energy-rich molecule NADH produced in the Embden–Meyerhof pathway can be a resource to reduce metHb by NADP-cytochrome b5 to its functional form. The HMP shunt, the only source for NADPH, is generated by reduction of NADP+ [11,14].
Acids produced by lactobacilli inhibit the growth of commensal Lachnospiraceae and S24-7 bacteria
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Emma J. E. Brownlie, Danica Chaharlangi, Erin Oi-Yan Wong, Deanna Kim, William Wiley Navarre
Members of the newly defined Lactobacillaceae family cluster into two distinct clades depending on whether they utilize homofermentative or heterofermentative metabolism.9,10 Homofermentative species metabolize hexoses via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, producing pyruvate as a key metabolic intermediate and lactate as an end product. Heterofermentative species metabolize hexoses via the phosphoketolase pathway, producing pyruvate and acetyl-phosphate as key intermediates with lactate and acetate or ethanol as end products. The split between the two types of metabolism appears to have occurred early in the evolution of the Lactobacillaceae, and their fermentation types correlate almost perfectly with phylogeny.10