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Social-Emotional Agnosias
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
One interesting way that researchers have been able to measure expressive agnosia is through the use of electrodermal activity. Electrodermal activity refers to measuring the electrical conductivity of the skin as it changes over time, usually due to the production of small amounts of sweat. Essentially, when the average person views an image of a person making a negative facial expression such as fear, their skin sweats a little bit, causing electrodermal activity to increase slightly. However, in some people with brain injuries their skin does not react in this way to negative facial expressions, indicating that perhaps they are not fully understanding the fear on the fearful person's face (Hopkins et al., 2002).
Caffeine and arousal: a biobehavioral theory of physiological, behavioral, and emotional effects
Published in B.S. Gupta, Uma Gupta, Caffeine and Behavior, 2020
Barry D. Smith, Kenneth Tola, Mark Mann
Further evidence for the arousing effects of caffeine is seen in research on electrodermal activity (EDA), which has been one major focus of work in our laboratories. In a series of studies, we have administered caffeine and examined its effects on EDA under a variety of conditions. These have included reaction time, paired associates, anagram, and vigilance tasks, as well as simple auditory stimulation and novel digit recall.74–76 We have recorded primarily skin conductance level (SCL), skin conductance response (SCR), and EDA response frequency measures.
Electrosmog from Communication Equipment
Published in William J. Rea, EMF Effects from Power Sources and Electrosmog, 2018
Clinical studies on humans exposed to EMF smog by using mobile telephone radiation have found it frequently affects electroencephalograms (EEG), electrodermal activity (EDA), and the synthesis rate of hormones like melatonin in humans. In a series of early experiments performed by a Finnish group, GSM mobile phone smog exposure was found to alter the EEG oscillatory activity of healthy adult subjects in the 6–8 and 8–10 G(109)Hz frequency bands during cognitive (visual memory) tasks. In more recent experiments of the same group, exposure of 10–14 year old children to mobile phone GSM field smog while performing an auditory memory task induced changes in their brain oscillatory activity. Obviously, the effects of EMF smog can be detrimental to some groups with selective exposure. EEG responses occurred in the smog frequencies 4–8 Hz and 15 Hz.64
Pre-pandemic electrodermal activity predicts current COVID-related fears: household size during lockdown as a moderating factor
Published in Stress, 2022
Danny Horesh, Nir Milstein, Alon Tomashin, Oded Mayo, Ilanit Gordon
In the past, one potent physiological marker of heightened mental risk or distress has been elevated electrodermal activity (EDA). EDA denotes physiological arousal predominantly resulting from inputs of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) (Dawson et al., 2016). Assessing EDA during baseline stems from literature regarding EDA lability (Crider, 2008; Dawson et al., 2016), which is defined as spontaneous fluctuations in EDA that take place during resting states in the absence of external stimuli. These labile skin conductance responses are nonspecific as they occur during baseline conditions (Gertler et al., 2020; Zimmer, 2000). Individual differences in EDA lability are regarded as a “trait” in the literature (Crider, 2008) and lability has been shown to be associated with a neural pattern of widespread cortical activation (Gertler et al., 2020). Individual differences in lability have been reported already at childhood (Gatzke-Kopp & Ram, 2018). Lability in EDA has been associated with increased vigilance, higher allocation of attention, increased emotional reactivity and the efforts made to regulate it (Boucsein, 2012; Crider, 2008; Dawson et al., 2016). Elevations in baseline EDA can thus represent increased reactivity to stress and trauma (Blechert et al., 2007; Kelsey, 1991). For instance, sustained hyperactivity of the sympathetic branch of the ANS has been described as a signature of the neurophysiology of PTSD, as evidenced in elevated EDA at baseline (Heim & Nemeroff, 2009; Kirsch et al., 2011; Pole, 2007; Stam, 2007).
Habitual use of psychological coping strategies is associated with physiological stress responding during negative memory recollection in humans
Published in Stress, 2022
Two Ag-AgCl electrodes were placed on the non-dominant palm one inch apart. A continuous sinusoidal voltage was used in order to avoid bias from the electrodes. An eight-slot BioNex mainframe received and amplified signals via a three-channel bio-potential and galvanic skin conductance amplifier module (MindWare Technologies Ltd., Westerville, OH). Participants’ SCL (expressed in micro-Siemens) was measured throughout the entirety of the baseline and the negative memory recollection. Software from Mindware Technologies Ltd. (BioLab version 3.2.2) was used to record the data. Following data collection, software from the same company (Electrodermal Activity Analysis; EDA version 3.0.25) was used to compute and export the SCL data from participants for each task. During this process, data were assessed for completeness and validity. Data were deemed unusable if there were problems with the source signal (e.g. due to damaged electrodes; this results in a pattern of non-linear skin conductance during the epoch with extremely low values). Data were also assessed for artifacts that may influence SCL level (e.g. coughing or sneezing during the task). Artifacts were removed for 13 participants. Following this preliminary check, averages were pulled from the program for 30-s epochs during the 5-min negative interview task (total of 10 epochs). The average level of SCL for the baseline period was also computed for use as a covariate in analyses.
Use of saliva stress biomarkers to estimate novice male endoscopist’s stress during training in a high-end simulator
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Nikola Boyanov, Konstantinos Georgiou, Dimitrios Thanasas, Tanya Deneva, Ninos Oussi, Blagoi Marinov, Lars Enochsson
Stress is a psychological construct, and therefore there is an obvious difficulty to objectively measure it using physiological parameters. As there is no gold standard technique of non-invasive stress assessment, several subjective and/or objective surrogate methods have been proposed. The rationale for the objective methods lies in the fact that acute stress provokes changes in the acute autonomic nervous system (ANS). Therefore, several methods assessing ANS changes in various organ systems have been suggested as surrogate stress markers. These markers include (a) heart rhythm changes, as measured by heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), or interbeat interval (IBI); (b) electrodermal activity (EDA) levels; (c) thermal activity; and (d) saliva stress biomarkers (i.e., salivary cortisol [sC], salivary α-amylase [sAA], secretory immunoglobulin A [sIgA], and salivary Chromogranin [sCgA]. Additionally, there is an absence of a consistent methodology, leading to rather inconclusive and, in certain cases, conflicting results [5].