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Assessing and responding to sudden deterioration in the adult
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Electrical impulses precede cardiac muscle (myocardium) contraction, so this electrical impulse is captured and recorded in an ECG. Waveforms vary in different leads placed on the person’s body, and the ECG records the conduction of electrical impulses through the heart from different points. Think of taking a picture with a camera and obtaining a 360° view of the person’s heart from various positions around their bed. For more detail about the physiology underpinning ECGs and their interpretation, refer to your physiology textbook and specialist cardiology books (e.g. Iaizzo 2015). This section focuses on the practice of recording an ECG; Box 14.51 provides key practice points for recording ECGs.
Analgesia And Anesthesia
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Obstetric Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Michele Mele, Valentina Bellussi, Laura Felder
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units emit low-voltage electrical impulses and may be used to stimulate acupressure points. A systematic review of nine trials including more than 1000 women concluded that TENS did not reduce labor pain and did not reduce the use of additional analgesic agents [15].
Peptides in Brain Disorders
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Hüseyin Ünübol, Gökben Hızlı Sayar
From neuron to neuron, nerve cells in the brain receive and transmit messages in the form of electrical impulses. After the nerve cell receives the message, it allows it to be sent to other neurons. Neurotransmitters are chemical precursors of the brain. Messages between neurons are carried through these chemicals. They transmit messages between neurons.
Establishment of a new arrhythmia model in SD rats induced by isoproterenol
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2023
Zijing Guo, Nan Zhang, Kexin Ma, Qinghua Lei, Guoping Ma, Baozhu Ding, Yi Zhong, Wenjie Liang, Nan Li
Before treatment of the experimental animals, the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the animals were established. Specifically, according to the published literature, rats with a normal basic ECG can be included in this experiment. Arrhythmia is due to abnormalities in the frequency, rhythm, origin, conduction velocity and excitation sequence of cardiac electrical impulses. Rats with abnormal P wave, QRS wave, T wave, prolonged PR interval, ST segment changes or various types of arrhythmias in the ECG were excluded from the experiment. All rats were anaesthetized with 2% pentobarbital sodium (40 mg•kg−1, IP), fixed in the supine position, connected to the BL-420F biological function experimental system, and continuously tested for 30 min. After preservation and analysis of ECG data from 55 rats, three rats presented occasional ventricular premature beats, one rat exhibited ST segment abnormalities, and one rat presented with a suspected right bundle branch block; these rats were thus excluded. The remaining 50 normal rats were included in further experiments.
Non-pharmacological treatments for chronic orchialgia: A systemic review
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2021
Kareim Khalafalla, Mohamed Arafa, Haitham Elbardisi, Ahmad Majzoub
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is an electro-analgesia modality that is non-pharmacological and non-invasive, and which has been utilised in several chronic painful conditions [44,45]. It is hypothesised that TENS illicit pain relief through central and peripheral mechanisms [46]. The procedure entails delivery of electrical impulses across the skin that activate underlying nerve structures. This may interfere with peripheral impulses overwhelming afferent sensations ‘busy line effect’, thereby blocking pain [46]. Centrally, it can reduce nociceptor cell activity of the spinal cord and activate brain descending inhibitory pathways [46]. The effects of TENS are mediated through a number of receptors in the CNS and PNS including opioid, serotonin, muscarinic and α2-adrenergic receptors [46].
Human Brain Surrogates Research: The Onrushing Ethical Dilemma
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2021
Recent research with non-human brains may change that. In April 2019, Nature published a research article from Nenad Sestan and his group at Yale (Farahany, Greely, and Giattino 2019; Vrselja et al. 2019). The article reported that the researchers had taken the brains from pigs that had been decapitated, had their heads drained of blood, and kept without any blood flow for 4 h. They hooked those brains up to a pump that, through the pigs’ brain arteries, perfused the brains with a fluid that contained hemoglobin (for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport), glucose (for energy), and many other chemicals. Most of the cells of those brains appeared to “come back to life,” taking in oxygen and glucose and giving off carbon dioxide. The fluid flowed through the brain’s blood vessels and individual neurons could be detected “firing” electrical impulses. The researchers did not detect any electroencephalogram signals, which would have been evidence for overall brain function, although one of the compounds included in the perfusing fluid was intended to repress such a signal. As Sestan said, they saw evidence that the cells were alive but not that the brains were alive. So far. This research does raise the possibility that whole human brains from corpses might be “kept alive”—or have their cells revived—to study human brain function better.