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Typhoid Fever
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Julian Anthony Rycroft, Marina Basarab
Drug resistance continues to be a concern, however. Multidrug-resistant strains of S. Typhi and Paratyphi account for the majority of cases in Bangladesh and parts of Southeast Asia—as a result, ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol are no longer recommended. While resistance to fluoroquinolones is an increasing problem, most isolates remain susceptible to azithromycin and ceftriaxone. Resistance to the latter, however, results from infection with ESBL-producing isolates. Where extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates emerge, carbapenems are recommended, if azithromycin cannot be used.
Microbiology
Published in Michael McGhee, A Guide to Laboratory Investigations, 2019
ESBL or Amp-C producers are passed from person to person, either directly or indirectly, via faecal contamination of hands and objects and then introduced into the mouth (faeco-oral spread). These patients may not be ill, but are colonised with these antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and can potentially spread them to susceptible patients.
Identification of clinical specimens isolated from neonates
Published in Elida Zairina, Junaidi Khotib, Chrismawan Ardianto, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman, Charles D. Sands, Timothy E. Welty, Unity in Diversity and the Standardisation of Clinical Pharmacy Services, 2017
M. Djunaedi, S.A.S. Sulaiman, A. Sarriff, N.B.A. Aziz, Habsah
NICU patients represent a unique human host model, as the development of resident microflora starts on admission to the epidemiology. Transferable resistant mechanisms, such as ESBL production, pose a challenge to controlling of multi-resistant organisms. ESBL colonization is related to antibiotic use. Once colonized, infants exposed to invasive device may become infected. 12% (2003) and 14% (2004) of total isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae.57.5% (2003) and 29.4% (2004) of them were ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae.4% were E. coli, only isolated (2003), and 15.4% of them were ESBL-producing organisms.
High frequency and molecular characterization of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from wound infections in North Lebanon
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Afnan M. Hamwi, Elie Salem-Sokhn
According to studies, resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) was accompanied by resistance to other antimicrobial classes and was borne on plasmids [5,59,60]. In this study, resistance to drugs which are not hydrolyzed by ESBLs was more frequently found in ESBL producers than in non-ESBL producers, as it was in a study conducted in France [57]. The resistance of ESBL-PE isolates to other antibiotic classes is concerning, because it may limit the choice of appropriate empirical treatment for infections caused by these bacteria [61]. Our results showed that most ESBL producers were resistant to other tested antimicrobials. High resistance was found to amoxicillin/clavulanate (96%), ciprofloxacin (82%), gentamicin (50%), and tetracyclines (44%). This is in agreement with other many studies [52,56,62,63]. This result confirmed that these isolates are multidrug-resistant ESBL-PE, where the ESBL resistance genes were found co-migrating with other antimicrobial classes, posing an additional challenge for the successful therapy of other infectious diseases in which these bacteria might be involved. However, several drugs remain effective in overcoming ESBL infections. Our findings showed that imipenem, ertapenem, and amikacin had the ability to cure a large range of ESBL-PE isolates. This is consistent with many studies carried out in Lebanon [56,64] and other countries [57,65,66]. To avoid the development of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, these drugs should be carefully used for empirical therapies [57].
Synergistic antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of nisin like bacteriocin with curcumin and cinnamaldehyde against ESBL and MBL producing clinical strains
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Garima Sharma, Shweta Dang, Aruna K, Manjula Kalia, Reema Gabrani
Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing organisms, are prevalent in hospitals and in the community and these bacteria are resistant to a multitude of antibiotics and are therefore of medical and scientific concern (Dhillon and Clark 2012). E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are ESBL-producing organisms that can be isolated globally (Shaikh et al. 2015). The metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) render Gram-negative bacteria resistant to most β lactams and these have spread across numerous bacterial species with increasing diversity (Cornaglia et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2020). Infections by ESBL and MBL bacteria are, at times, very resilient to antibiotics. Biofilm producing ESBL and MBL strains are significantly more resistant to a wide range of antibiotics compared to non-biofilm forming strains (Neupane et al. 2016). There is thus an urgent need to explore alternative therapies to address the current problem. The current focus of the World Health Organisation (WHO) is to identify the magnitude of antibacterial resistance and develop a global action plan for its mitigation.
Risk factors for community acquired urinary tract infections caused by extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli in children: a case control study
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
Frank H. Zhu, Maria P. Rodado, Basim I. Asmar, Hossein Salimnia, Ronald Thomas, Nahed Abdel-Haq
Information collected was analyzed for potential risk factors for ESBL-positive infection. A 3 month period was used to categorize risks of prior healthcare exposure (antibiotic usage, surgery, and hospitalization) as well as recurrent UTI. Subcategories of prior β-lactam antibiotic use (prior antibiotic usage) and intraurinary tract intervention (prior surgery) were included and analyzed separately from their parent categories. Additional risk factors analyzed were presence of genitourinary (GU) tract abnormalities (defined as presence of hydronephrosis, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, duplex collection system/kidney, or other congenital abnormalities of the renal/GU tract), functional abnormalities (defined as neurogenic bladder, voiding dysfunction, constipation), presence/use of intraurinary tract device (defined as use of clean intermittent catherization or intraurinary tract stents), and presence of immunosuppression (defined as use of any chronic immunosuppressive agent or chemotherapy regimen in the previous 3 months).