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Detection And Identification of Drugs of Dependence
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
Glutethimide (Doriden®)26 was determined following isolation from biological material and was treated with m-dinitrobenzene in CHC13 containing 0.05 ml of dimethylsulphoxide and KOH. A deep violet color turning green following a reaction with benzoyl peroxide indicated a positive reaction. This drug may also be determined54 by a reaction with diphenylamine in the presence of a mixture of sulfuric and acetic acids. Ab-sorbance was determined at 510 mμ.
Hair Coloring
Published in Dale H. Johnson, Hair and Hair Care, 2018
The chemistry of this system has received considerable study both from the viewpoint of the types of colors that can be achieved and from the complex reaction mechanisms that are occurring. Consequently, there has been a great advance in the understanding and control of oxidative dye chemistry in the last 20 years. A number of review articles have been written describing the chemistry (14–17). In general, as shown below, the primary intermediate is oxidized to a reactive imine [10] (p-benzoquinone mono or diimine, Z=0 or NH) which then attacks electrophilic sites on the color coupler to give a diphenylamine derivative [11]. The diphenylamine is then oxidized to the indo dye [12], which is the basic chromophoric unit of the oxidation dye system. In general, blue indo dyes are formed from mixtures of p-diamines and m-diamines (X=NH2, Y=NH) or phenols, reds from p-diamines or p-aminophenols and m-aminophenols (X=NH2, Y=0), and yellow/browns from p-diamines and p-aminophenols and resorcinols (X=OH, Y=0). Thus, a full range of shades can be formulated with these relatively simple mixtures.
Indoor Air Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
According to Winder,76 the substituted diphenylamine is variously reported as benzamine, 4-octyl-N-(4-octylphenyl) (CAS No. 101-67-7) or 0.1%–1% N-phenyl-benzeneamine, reaction product with 2,4,4-trimethylpentene (CAS No. 68411-46-1), and used as an antioxidant, in concentrations not greater than 1% (Figures 3.7 and 3.8).
Induction of genotoxicity and differential alterations of p53 and inflammatory cytokines expression by acute oral exposure to bulk- or nano-calcium hydroxide particles in mice
"Genotoxicity of normal- and nano-calcium hydroxide"
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Diphenylamine assay was done to detect the amount of fragmentized DNA in the tissues of kidney, spleen, lung and heart of all mice (Gercel-Taylor 2005). Tissues' homogenates were centrifuged, Tris EDTA buffer containing10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was added to pellets and supernatants and samples were incubated at room temperature for 20 minute. After that, samples were centrifuged; TCA (5%) was added to the precipitates, incubated samples for 15 min at 100 °C and then samples were centrifuged. Added diphenylamine to the samples' supernatant; incubated samples for 24 h at room temperature and measured the absorbance of the produced color at the wavelength 600 nm using the spectrophotometer. The quantity of fragmentized DNA was expressed as a percentage of total DNA (Gercel-Taylor 2005).
Anticlastogenic and hepatoprotective effects of Kolaviron on sodium valproate-induced oxidative toxicity in Wistar rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Olaniyi Solomon Ola, Kayode Ezekiel Adewole
The endonuclease cleavage of the end product of apoptosis was assessed in percentage DNA fragmentation assay following Wu et al. [33]. DNA extracted from homogenate was treated with diphenylamine (DPA). The chromophore formed was measured on the spectrophotometer at 620 nm. Briefly, the livers were homogenized in 10 volumes of Tris-EDTA buffer (TE) pH 8.0 containing Triton-X100. Homogenate was centrifuged at 27,000 g for period of 20 minutes to separate the intact chromatin (pellet named A) from fragmented ones (supernatant named B). The pellet (A) was suspended in Tris-EDTA buffer of pH 8.0 without Triton-X100. 0.5 mL aliquot quantity of pellet and supernatant were placed in different test tubes and 1.5 ml of newly prepared solution of DPA was added to each test tubes. Reaction mixture was incubated at 37°C for 20 hours. Absorbance of mixture was then measured at 620 nm.
A monoterpene antioxidant, linalool, mitigates benzene-induced oxidative toxicities on hematology and liver of male rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Olaniyi Solomon Ola, Temitope Ayooluwa Sofolahan
The findings of other researchers have linked intoxication by chemical toxin to excessive lipid peroxidation, increased DNA damage and protein oxidation in rat liver [72,73]. In consonant with this, the results of the present study revealed that exposure to benzene induced DNA damage in liver of untreated leukocytosis rats as determined in the level of percentage DNA fragmentation specrophotometrically using Diphenylamine (DPA] when compared to control group. Moreover, this work confirmed the higher frequency of occurrence of polychromatic micronucleated cells in bone marrow cells of benzene intoxicated rats relative to the control rats. Therefore, our results support earlier report that benzene degrade DNA in liver tissue of rats by generating free radicals and increasing DNA fragmentation [74]. However, treatment with linalool significantly reduced the percentage of the DNA damage and ameliorated the occurrence of polychromatic micronucleated cells in bone marrow cells when compared to untreated leukocytosis animals.