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Sites of silence
Published in J. Michael Ryan, COVID-19, 2020
As the COVID-19 virus spread around the globe in the spring of 2020, confinement protocols dramatically reduced face-to-face interaction opportunities for the majority of the world’s population. The resulting social isolation led to a surge in use of the internet as it became a lifeline for people searching for virus-related medical information and for sources of financial support, food, and essential supplies, along with entertainment and leisure-time distractions. It also became the lifeline for those seeking to stay socially connected to their network of friends and family. For one group of people – the Deaf1 – the opportunities afforded by the internet to communicate with other Deaf people during this crisis became even more significant. Under the best of circumstances, due to communication barriers resulting from the inaccessibility of audio input, Deaf people have less access to information than hearing people have. Under imposed COVID-19 quarantine regimes, movement restrictions created additional barriers to accessible information sources and reduced opportunities to meet with people sharing the same language who could provide missing information as well as social support. The increasingly strict restrictions on normal modes of interaction as news of the severity of the pandemic’s spread threatened to lead to a heightened sense of isolation. These circumstances motivated tech-savvy Deaf people to turn to an online platform for support from other Deaf people.
Exploring the lived experiences of British Sign Language (BSL) users who access NHS adult hearing aid clinics: an interpretative phenomenological analysis
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2022
Celia Hulme, Alys Young, Kevin J. Munro
Butler and Martin (1987) surveyed the US Deaf community’s knowledge about, need for, and opinions on audiology services. However, the study relied on ratings of pre-determined areas of importance rather than allowing the possibility of different perspectives to emerge from within Deaf people’s own experience as a qualitative inquiry might have. Also, the study is over 30 years old; it is unclear to what extent the findings are still relevant. A recent study by Cue et al. (2019) exploring participants’ narratives on what it is like to be D/deaf1 contained some references to reasons for hearing aid use. Examples included “soothe”, “communicate”, and “provide comfort” although the meaning of these descriptors is not expanded on. Moreover, it is not clear whether participants were sign language users. More broadly, studies of culturally Deaf peoples’ access to health services consistently find that Deaf people experience poorer health as a result of misdiagnosis, underdiagnosis, and lack of communication access (Emond et al. 2015). Healthcare services are generally designed to favour those who use spoken language and written English, which may effectively hinder Deaf sign language users' self-management of health conditions (Pollard and Barnett 2009).
Toll-like receptors: Significance, ligands, signaling pathways, and functions in mammals
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2018
Mallenahally Kusha Vidya, V. Girish Kumar, Veerasamy Sejian, Madiajagan Bagath, Govindan Krishnan, Raghavendra Bhatta
TRIF molecule interacts with TRAF-6 and recruits receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP-1) which is ubiquitinated by IKKi /TBK1. RIP-1 activates TAK-I complex, which is followed by activation of NF-κB and MAPK.5 Contrarily, TRAF-3 recruits TBK1 and IKKi, which cause IRF3 phosphorylation.36 IRF3 forms a dimer and is translocated into the nucleus. Pellino 1 binds to DEAF-1 and influences binding of IRF3 to IFNβ promoter. Thus IRF3 induces the expression of type I IFN genes.38
ABI-auditory brainstem implant
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Anandhan Dhanasingh, Ingeborg Hochmair
Length of deafness before ABI surgery is seen as another contributing factor towards variability in hearing outcomes amongst ABI patients. Group of patients who became deaf 1 year or less before implantation (n = 18) obtained significantly higher speech recognition scores (65% correct scores), compared to the group of patients whose deafness duration lasted more than 1 year before ABI surgery (n = 7; 45% correct scores; p = .03, two-tailed t-test).