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Selenium Sulfide
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Selenium sulfide is an antifungal agent highly active in inhibiting the growth of Malassezia species (formerly known as Pityrosporum), micro-organisms which play an important role in the development of dandruff. It is also a proven cytostatic agent, slowing the growth of both hyperproliferative and normal cells. Topical selenium sulfide has been used for decades in the treatment of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis and tinea versicolor. Selenium sulfide is available in various topical formulations including shampoo, lotion, cream, foam, and suspension.
Ectopic Pregnancy: Extrauterine Pregnancy and Pregnancy of Unknown Location
Published in Botros Rizk, A. Mostafa Borahay, Abdel Maguid Ramzy, Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Gynecologic Emergencies, 2020
It should be noted that MTX, a cytostatic agent, is associated with several side effects, such as hair loss, depression of bone marrow, stomatitis, liver tissue damage, and lung fibrosis. β-hCG levels must be checked on days 1, 4, and 7 after the injection of MTX. Liver enzymes should also be monitored because MTX is metabolized by the liver. If the decrease in β-hCG is <15% after 1 week, a second dose of MTX must be administered on day 7/8. A third dose may be given if the patient's β-hCG is still high after 2 weeks. In case medical treatment fails, a laparoscopy will be necessary. Systemic therapy is associated with higher rates of tube patency (80%), and the risk of a relapse is reported to be about 7%. MTX is not commonly used at the present time because studies have shown no difference in the success of primary treatment on comparison of single-dose MTX with the watch-and-wait strategy [51] or on comparison of multiple-dose MTX injection with laparoscopic salpingostomy [38]. In both cases, the patient is subject to the side effects of MTX.
Regional Perfusion With Anticancer Drugs for Treatment of Malignant Tumors
Published in Hans-Inge Peterson, Tumor Blood Circulation: Angiogenesis, Vascular Morphology and Blood Flow of Experimental and Human Tumors, 2020
Larsolof Hafstrõm, Per-Ebbe Jõnsson
Complications of regional perfusion must be considered to be of low frequency. In more than 2000 perfusions, 17 postoperative deaths have been reported. Further, in 13 cases an amputation of the perfused leg has been performed mainly as a result of tissue necrosis. Other complications are thromboembolism and neuritis. Myelosuppressive effects of the cytostatic agent are limited and seen in approximately 4%.
Potential applications of PEGylated green gold nanoparticles in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2022
Bushra Shal, Safa Amanat, Ashraf Ullah Khan, You Jeong Lee, Hussain Ali, Fakhar ud Din, Youmie Park, Salman Khan
CYP is a pro-drug metabolized from inactive cytostatic agent to its active metabolites phosphoramide mustard and acrolein mostly in the liver by CYP450. Acrolein is considered to be a major cause of CYP-induced cystitis, it has been proven to be a potent urothelial irritant causing edoema, haemorrhage, ulceration, and necrosis [7]. CYP has been observed to increase the oxidative stress during the process of bio-activation by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that results in the modification of both normal and neoplastic cells leading to reduced anti-oxidant capacity [8,9]. The pathogenesis of cystitis induced by CYP consists of various free radicals i.e. ROS and reactive nitrogen species as by-products [10]. Naturally present anti-oxidant defense system in humans and other organisms gets compromised in disease conditions resulting in the lack of protection against oxidative damage [11,12]. Inflammation plays a crucial role in the regulation of oxidative stress, leading to the generation of ROS [13,14]. Nitric oxide (NO) a free radical synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase is considered to be a key executor of toxicity in oxidative stress [15,16]. CYP dramatically increases bladder inflammation, induces abdominal mechanical hypersensitivity, an indicator of bladder pain and increased visceral pain behaviours indicated by piloerection, abnormal posture, and a reduced rate of respiration [17–19].
Evaluating trifluridine + tipiracil hydrochloride in a fixed combination (TAS-102) for the treatment of colorectal cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2018
N. Mulet, I. Matos, A. Noguerido, G. Martini, M. E. Élez, G. Argilés, J. Tabernero
TAS-102 tolerability profile was coherent with that of a cytostatic agent. Patients who received TAS-102 experienced more grade 3 or higher adverse events than those in the placebo group, most of which were hematologic disturbances (38% of patients had neutropenia, although only 4% had febrile neutropenia, 18% had anemia, and 5% had thrombocytopenia). One treatment-related death occurred and was caused by septic shock. Grade 3 or higher non-hematologic adverse events in the TAS-102 group were much lower, since fewer than 4% of patients suffered from gastrointestinal toxicity. Importantly, confirming the outcome of the phase I cardiotoxicity trial, less than 1% of patients treated with TAS-102 presented coronary spasm. As a consequence, the RECOURSE trial led to approval of TAS-102 for refractory mCRC by the Food and Drug Administration in September 2015 and the European Medicines Agency in April 2016.
Heavy-load resistance exercise during chemotherapy in physically inactive breast cancer survivors at risk for lymphedema: a randomized trial
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2019
Kira Bloomquist, Lis Adamsen, Sandra C. Hayes, Christian Lillelund, Christina Andersen, Karl Bang Christensen, Peter Oturai, Bent Ejlertsen, Malgorzata K. Tuxen, Tom Møller
In conclusion, novel findings from this study suggest that breast cancer survivors who are physically inactive before diagnosis benefit from and can safely participate in a multimodal intervention that includes supervised, heavy-load resistance exercise of the upper-extremities. Notably, the findings are particularly relevant for the majority of breast cancer survivors who receive taxane-based chemotherapy, with generalized edema and ensuing arm swelling as a known side-effect of this cytostatic agent. As such, these findings can be used to encourage adoption of exercise including heavy-load resistance exercise during breast cancer treatment.