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Drugs in pregnancy and lactation
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
However, based on behavioural studies performed in animal models and on recent clinical data obtained in humans [25–27], it seems clear that some children who had been exposed in utero to cocaine will develop long-term neuropsycho-logical disturbances, even though their IQ will generally be within the normal range [28]. This group of children will often display moderate, but significant, deficits which become evident at school age when they exhibit difficulties to concentrate, weak resistance to distracters, aggressive behaviour, or great impulsivity. In addition, they are more likely to develop anxiety or depressive symptoms. Previously described cytoarchitectonic alterations and aminergic neuro-transmission impairments could represent anatomical and biochemical basis for these neuropsychological disturbances. As important as these, in utero exposure to cocaine seems to be a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome.
The Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell: Accumbal Compartments and Their Functional Attributes
Published in Peter W. Kalivas, Charles D. Barnes, Limbic Motor Circuits and Neuropsychiatry, 2019
Ariel Y. Deutch, Andrea J. Bourdelais, Daniel S. Zahm
We then examined the effects of the same stressor in the infralimbic, prelimbic, and combined dorsal anterior cingulate/medial precentral (or shoulder) cortices. Obviously, we could not stain the sections in order to precisely delineate the different cytoarchitectonic regions. Accordingly, it is likely that the infralimbic dissection included, in some cases, the ventral part of the prelimbic cortex. The inability to dissect reliably the thin small wedge of tissue corresponding to area 24b led us to include this pregenual part of the anterior cingulate cortex with the medial precentral cortex. Finally, we dissected a portion of the cortex lateral to the medial prefrontal cortex yet well dorsal and medial to the suprarhinal cortex as a control site. This region does not receive a specific dopaminergic innervation in the rat, although dopaminergic fibers are found adjacent to the white matter as they course to the suprarhinal cortex; this region does receive a relatively dense noradrenergic innervation.
Korbinian Brodmann (1868–1918)
Published in Andrew P. Wickens, Key Thinkers in Neuroscience, 2018
Brodmann was not the first researcher to provide a cytoarchitectonic cortical map. This accolade goes to Australian Alfred Walter Campbell, working at Rainhill Asylum, Liverpool, who pub lished a map outlining seventeen regions of the cortex in 1905. Nor was his the most detailed map of the times since Oskar Vogt and his wife Cecile would describe over 200 cortical areas on the basis of their myeloarchitectonics work in 1919. But Brodmann’s topographic map fared the best and one can speculate why. Perhaps one reason lies with the two illustrations of the human brain Brodmann first published in 1906, which has captured the imagination of researchers and students ever since. Another reason may well be due to the number of brain areas delineated by Brodmann (i.e. around fifty), which seem to correspond reasonably well with the gross anatomical features of the cortex. But above all, Brodmann’s parcellation of cortex areas has been shown in many cases to correlate well with different functions. Hence, Brodmann’s areas 1, 2 and 3 correspond with the primary somatosensory area, area 4 is the motor cortex, area 17 is the primary visual cortex, and areas 44 and 45 overlap with Broca’s area for language. Despite this, it is generally recognised that the correspondence between Brodmann’s cytoarchitectonics and function is not always precise and should be viewed with caution. Yet, if anything, the use of Brodmann’s areas has become even more popular today – especially with researchers concerned with investigating the cerebral cortex through the use of functional brain imaging techniques.
Nineteenth- and twentieth-century brain maps relating to locations and constructions of brain functions
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
They show broad cortical areas giving similar responses. On the left is a composite from different subjects of movements of the tongue, hand, arm, and so on. On the right are reports of sensations in those areas. The thick, black, slightly diagonal line represents the central sulcus. To its right is the precentral motor area. To its left is the postcentral somatosensory area. The composites show the extent of the areas that were associated with movements and sensations of these body parts. The composite also shows the extent of overlap of the areas and shows them crossing the central sulcus.6Penfield initially attempted to align his results with the cytoarchitectonical work of German neurologist Oskar Vogt (1870–1959), French neurologist Cécile Vogt-Mugnier (1875–1962), and German neurologist Korbinian Brodmann (1868–1918), but found it limiting (Guenther 2016). A brain map following the cytoarchitectonic approach was published. It showed the places in postcentral field (Brodmann’s 3,1,2) that when stimulated showed “sensory aura” in various body parts. That aura “often spread like a wave over that side of the body” (Foerster and Penfield, 1930, 100). Very much aware of the idiosyncrasies of individual subjects, Penfield later oriented his data points with respect to the Sylvian and median longitudinal fissures and the central sulcus rather than architectonic areas, producing the results seen in Figure 8.
Cortical projection neurons as a therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2020
Tatjana Beutel, Julia Dzimiera, Hannah Kapell, Maren Engelhardt, Achim Gass, Lucas Schirmer
Arguably, callosal long-range connections might be more vulnerable during serial WM tract damage as seen in MS patients, eventually leading to retrograde pathology and neuronal demise. Regarding cytoarchitectonic features, layers II/III typically consist of small- to medium-size pyramidal cells in high density [17]. With increased depth from the pial surface, these neurons show greater dendritic length and soma radius [29]. Based on their morphological features, they can be divided into two groups: so-called ‘slim-tufted’ neurons with a low density of branches and ‘profuse-tufted’ cells with a higher branch density [29]. Compared to rodents, pyramidal cells in the human cortical layer II/III form approximately twice as many synapses [30,31] suggesting a multifold increase in transmission and integration of information. Evolutionary, supragranular layer neurons developed more recently as compared to layer V/VI extra-cortical projection neurons. In relation to rodents, the layer II/III in human and other primates is greatly expanded suggesting the occurrence of a substantially increased intracortical connectivity in these species, which may have contributed significantly to the more advanced cortical function, however, may also make them more vulnerable for particular neurological diseases [24].
On the life and work of Korbinian Brodmann (1868–1918)
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2019
Thomas Mueller, Uta Kanis-Seyfried
Brodmann and his contemporaries also used the term localization for the morphological part of a topical brain research in the cerebral cortex—that is, for the mapping of the brain. Theodor Meynert (1833–1892) had recognized functional differences of individual regions of the cortex and demanded the description of individual “cortical organs.” Oskar Vogt’s Berlin Institute immediately tied in with Meynert’s cortex organology. Whereas Oskar Vogt and Cécile Vogt studied the myeloarchitectural structure (i.e., the nerve fibers), Brodmann focused on the cellular structure (i.e., cytoarchitectonics). Research to date had described brain convolutions and convolution complexes. A uniform nomenclature was missing. Brodmann’s aim was to obtain a complete picture of the cortex construction and its local modifications in all its parts, and possibly to arrive at a topographical–localizational structure of the cortex surface that could also be used by the clinic. He had realized that the creation of these foundations for more precise topographical–localizational research needed to be preceded by improved information on the principles of cerebral cortex organization: by a comparative anatomical analysis of human and mammal brains. An important prerequisite for this approach was the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin (1809–1882).