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Physiological Implications of Ferrihemoglobinemia
Published in Manfred Kiese, Methemoglobinemia: A Comprehensive Treatise, 2019
Few data are available on the maximal ferrihemoglobin content of blood survived by humans. Infants poisoned by nitrite, produced from nitrate in well water, were found to survive a ferrihemoglobin content as high as 75% with only 3» to 4 g of ferrohemoglobin per 100 ml of blood left.621 Werner et al.55 successfully treated a 56-day-old baby who had 84% of its hemoglobin in the ferric state, the ferrohemoglobin content of the blood amounting to only 1.32 g/100 ml. L’Hirondel et al.622 found up to 80 and 90% ferrihemoglobin in the blood of nitrite-poisoned infants. The patients survived after injection of methylene blue. Myslak et al.623 determined 82% ferrihemoglobin of a total of 11.8 g hemoglobin per 100 ml of blood of a girl, 19 years of age, 90 min after oral ingestion of about 50 ml of nitrobenzene. The patient was treated with intravenous injection of thionine and exchange transfusions and survived.
Standardization of Herbal Drugs
Published in Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf, Fingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal Medicines, 2018
Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf
Add 1 drop of Chinese ink to the dry sample; the mucilage shows up as transparent, spherically dilated fragments on a black background. Alternatively, add 1 drop of thionine to the dry sample, allow to stand for about 15 minutes, then wash with ethanol; the mucilage turns violet-red (cellulose and lignified cell walls are stained blue and bluish- violet, respectively).
Conclusions
Published in G. F. Wiegertjes, G. Flik, Host-Parasite Interactions, 2004
Geert F. Wiegertjes, Gert Flik
Thionine-positive cells probably evolved from a common ancient cell type: mast cells and basophilic granulocytes, both involved in host defences against parasites (Nielsen, Lindenstrøm, Sigh and Buchmann). Thionine-positive cells; metachromatically stained with the basic aniline dye thionine, can comprise several cell types, however. This hampers an unambiguous identification of mast cells and basophils in species other than mammals. Thus, although eosinophilic granular cells in teleost fish display metachromasia, suggesting they could be putative mast cells, further functional characterization is needed to clarify their contribution to anti-parasitic responses. Another cell type involved in the innate immune response to parasites macrophages, was discussed by Joerink, Saeij, Stafford, Belosevic and Wiegertjes. To date, the existence of polarized macrophages that differ in terms of receptor expression, effector function and cytokine and chemokine production is acknowledged in mice. These polarized macrophages are thought to play an important role in the differentiation of T-helper lymphocytes. For cold-blooded vertebrates such as teleost fish, the information on T-lymphocytes is sparse and prototypical type I or type II cytokine profiles cannot be detected. Macrophages, however, are considered an evolutionary ancient cell type, and can easily be recognized in fish. If macrophage polarization indeed does also occur in fish it may determine the type of immune response against foreign parasites such as the haemoflagellates dealt with in this chapter. The following chapter (Woo) continued on haemoflagellate parasites with reviewing the pathophysiology caused by two groups of parasites that cause disease; comparing cryptobiosis in salmonid fish with trypanosomiasis in African livestock. It is certainly surprising how the very significant differences between these two diseases can be caused by two closely related (Order Kinetoplastida) parasites.
Phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase: the “sulfoxidation polymorphism”
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Stephen C. Mitchell, Glyn B. Steventon
Methylene blue was the first xenobiotic cited in the literature as undergoing oxygenation at the sulfur moiety (Underhill & Closson, 1905). The metabolite referred to as methylene azure was presumed to be the sulfone derivative (Williams, 1959), but now the several methylene azures (and thionine) are recognised as a series of sequential N-demethylated products (Disanto & Wagner, 1972). Likewise, the sulfone of mustard gas, presumably formed via the sulfoxide, was postulated in a 1921 publication but was not experimentally confirmed at that time (Flury & Wieland, 1921). However, later work has shown the existence of both these sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites (Davison et al., 1961; Somani & Babu, 1989). The first demonstration of the in vivo formation of a xenobiotic sulfoxide metabolite was that of the anthelmintic, phenothiazine, reported in 1947 (Clare, 1947). This compound itself enjoyed a period of widespread fame as an effective vermifuge but is now known mainly as the parent molecule of a host of clinically useful phenothiazine drugs.
Hydrogel containing minocycline and zinc oxide-loaded serum albumin nanopartical for periodontitis application: preparation, characterization and evaluation
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Jie Mou, Zongxiang Liu, Jie Liu, Jianwu Lu, Wentao Zhu, Dongsheng Pei
From Figure 5(C), the gingival tissue histology showed that the inflammatory cell infiltrate was usually clearly defined and often adjacent to areas of dense collagen bundles in the normal group. The significant differences in the size or density of the inflammatory cell infiltrate in the connective tissue were noted in the periodontitis disease model group. No inflammatory round cell infiltrates in the connective tissue were observed between the Perio® and nanohydrogel treated groups due to the antibacterial effects. All defects containing the implanted hydrogel had been repaired by tissue promotion from the gingiva; the biomaterial particles had served as tissue conductive scaffolds. Moreover, staining was more intense than in surrounding tissue after thionine staining.
Arctigenin: pharmacology, total synthesis, and progress in structure modification
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Dan Wu, Lili Jin, Xing Huang, Hao Deng, Qing-kun Shen, Zhe-shan Quan, Changhao Zhang, Hong-Yan Guo
Arctigenin exhibits stereospecific cytotoxicity against insect cells. One of the stereoisomers of arctigenin, (4 R, 5 R)-trans-arctigenin, shows stereospecific cytotoxicity against insect cells, Sf9, and NIAS-AeAl-2 cells. Yamauchi et al.109 synthesised the arctigenin derivatives 40–103 (Figure 8) and found that compounds 63, 64, and 71 are at the same level as (4 R, 5 R)-trans-arctigenin. Examination of the thionine derivatives indicated that compounds 101 and 142 have similar activity levels to that of (4 R, 5 R)-trans-arctigenin, which was found to increase the expression of the 28S rRNA gene in the ribosomes of Sf9 cells, however, DNA degradation was not observed.