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Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Lynne Sykes, Ibrahim Ali, Philip A. Kalra
Variation in secretion.Acute kidney injury − compensatory mechanism with enhanced proximal tubular secretion (process becomes saturated).Extrarenal secretion develops in advanced renal failure via intestinal bacterial overgrowth and increased bacterial creatininase activity.
Toxicological and Biochemical Analyses
Published in Julian L Burton, Guy Rutty, The Hospital Autopsy, 2010
For many analytes, vitreous humour can be regarded as an ultrafiltrate of blood. Because vitreous humour is low in protein, which is positively charged at physiological pH, the chloride concentration is about 10–20 per cent higher than that found in serum. It has been suggested that the potassium concentration in vitreous humour is a useful marker of the time of death, said to increase by roughly 1.7 mmol/L per hour in the first 12 hours after death. However, the rate of increase in practice is variable. Such data should be interpreted with extreme caution. The urea and creatinine concentrations in vitreous humour are a reasonable guide to the concentrations at the time of death. It should be noted that vitreous humour has much lower non-Jaffé chromagen concentrations than does serum. Thus the vitreous creatinine correlates more closely with serum creatinine as measured by specific methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or creatininase-based assays than by conventional picrate-based chemistries. Typically the ‘normal’ post-mortem vitreous creatinine concentration, measured by a picrate-based chemistry, is about 40 μmol/L.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Alpinia officinarum mitigates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via down-regulating apoptotic pathway in rats
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Zhiping Zhang, Guangda Xin, Guangyu Zhou, Qianyu Li, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan, Dayu Wang, Feng Liu
The ideal biomarkers of nephrotoxicity creatinine, urea and serum albumin were estimated colorimetrically using commercially available kits. Urea, a key component helps in protein catabolism, water reabsorption in nephrons were assessed using the urea assay kit (K375-100). The procedure was followed as per the manufacturer’s protocol, and urea in the sample was measured at 570 nm. Creatinine used to measure the glomerular filtration rate of the kidney was estimated using the BioVision creatinine assay kit (K625-100). Creatinine present in the sample was converted to creatine by the creatininase and it is further converted to sarcosine measured at the wavelength of 570 nm. Serum Albumin which maintains the vascular permeability, nitric oxide, plasma osmotic pressure was estimated using Albumin BCG assay kit (K554-100) (BioVision, USA). Albumin combines with bromocresol green to form a chromophore which is measured at a wavelength of 620 nm.
Fabrication of an improved amperometric creatinine biosensor based on enzymes nanoparticles bound to Au electrode
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
Parveen Kumar, Mohit Kamboj, Ranjana Jaiwal, C.S. Pundir
Creatininase amidohydrolase (EC 3.5.2.10) from Pseudomonas sp. communicated in Flavobacterium sp., and creatinase amidinohydrolase (EC 3.5.3.3) from Pseudomonas sp. expressed in Escherichia coli, sarcosine oxidase (EC 1.5.3.1) from Bacillus sp. were purchased from SISCO Research lab Mumbai, India and Sigma-Aldrich, USA, respectively. Gold electrode (AuE) (2 mm × 20 mm, diameter × height) was purchased from local market, Rohtak were used. All other chemicals utilised in this work were of analytical reagent (AR) grade. All through this study, double distilled (DW) water was used. The blood/serum samples of evidently healthy individuals and persons who suffering from kidney/renal disorders were collected from the hospital of Pt. BDS Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Rohtak and kept at −20 °C till use.
Association between simple renal cyst and kidney damage in a Chinese cohort study
Published in Renal Failure, 2019
Juan Chen, Xiaojing Ma, Dongmei Xu, Wei Cao, Xianglei Kong
Blood was collected by means of venepuncture after an overnight fast of at least 10 h. Serum creatinine was measured by means of using the Roche enzymatic method on an automatic biochemistry analyzer (Roche P Modular with Roche Creatininase Plus Assay, Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd., www.roche.com). eGFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) two-level race equation [19]. Protein in urine was measured on a morning urine sample using an immediate semi-quantitative urine protein dipstick test and graded as negative, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+, or 4+. Subjects were considered to have proteinuria if their urinalysis showed ≥1+. Participants with pyuria were excluded from the analysis of proteinuria due to concern of urinary tract infection. Women during menstruation were asked to receive urine routine test 3 days after menstruation. Renal insufficiency was defined as the eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Hemoglobin, urea nitrogen, fasting blood glucose, serum uric acid, serum total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) were also measured by the automatic biochemistry analyzer.