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Approaches to Studying Polycystic Kidney Disease in Zebrafish
Published in Jinghua Hu, Yong Yu, Polycystic Kidney Disease, 2019
Instead, cell migration or convergent extension is one of the major cellular activity in zebrafish during pronephros patterning.31 Consistent with this, cell proliferation is not that significantly changed in zebrafish PKD models as that in mammals.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Developmental Biology
Published in Michel M. J. Modo, Jeff W. M. Bulte, Molecular and Cellular MR Imaging, 2007
Cyrus Papan, J. Michael Tyszka, Russell E. Jacobs
Although the resolution of the three-dimensional MRM does not permit us to visualize thin structures such as Brachet’s cleft directly, its location and time of appearance can be deduced in the MRM renderings by discontinuities in the intrinsic contrast between the vegetal cell mass and animal cap and the extrinsic contrast between the inner subclone and the unlabeled ectodermal tissue. In our MRM images, the formation of the cleft first becomes evident at stage 10,when the outwardly rotating vegetal cell mass apposes the ectoderm (stage 10, large open arrow). The cleft runs through the labeled C1 clone, separating it into inner mesendodermal and outer ectodermal subclones (stages 10.5 to 12). The inner and outer subclones then behave differently. The vegetal limits of the two parts move together ventral-ward with the blastopore (asterisk). However, the animal limit of the outer subclone remains stationary (solid arrow), while the animal limit of the inner subclone moves anteriorly, following the leading edge of gastrulation (open arrow). The final configuration of the labeled clone confirms the tissue identity of the inner and outer subclones as mesendodermal and ectodermal, respectively. At the end of gastrulation (stage 12), the inner subgroup of the C1 clone lies within the mesendoderm, dorsal to the developing archenteron. The dorsal view of the embryo (Figure 16.4, middle column) shows how the clone changes its morphology from a somewhat squat appearance to an elongated one, consistent with the normal convergent-extension behavior of the axial mesoderm during gastrulation.
Feeding a High-Fat Diet for a Limited Duration Increases Cancer Incidence in a Breast Cancer Model
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Toshio Imai, Mie Naruse, Yukino Machida, Gen Fujii, Michihiro Mutoh, Masako Ochiai, Mami Takahashi, Hitoshi Nakagama
CELSR2 (Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 2) is a seven-pass transmembrane protein and a member of core planar cell polarity (PCP). In vertebrates, the PCP pathway regulates convergent extension movements and neural tube closure, as well as the orientation of stereociliary bundles of sensory hair cells in the inner ear (16). Research to elucidate the function of this gene has focused on forebrain axon guidance and wiring control (17,18). Recently, genome-wide association studies for serum lipoprotein traits have identified a number of common single nucleotide polymorphism variants which are strongly associated with serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a common non-coding polymorphism at the 1p13 locus, rs12740374, in a non-coding DNA region between two genes, CELSR2 and PSRC1 creating a C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein) transcription factor-binding site that alters the hepatic expression of the SORT1 gene (19). Genome-wide meta-analyses of serum lipid traits in Hispanic samples subsequently showed substantial signals in or near CELSR2 (20). Another meta-analysis, combined with bioinformatics, of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) of European ancestry suggested the enrichment of putative regulatory elements among these IGF-I- and IGFBP-3-associated loci, particularly rs646776 at CELSR2 (21).
Heterogeneity of T cells and macrophages in chlorine-induced acute lung injury in mice using single-cell RNA sequencing
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Chen-qian Zhao, Jiang-zheng Liu, Meng-meng Liu, Xiao-ting Ren, De-qin Kong, Jie Peng, Meng Cao, Rui Liu, Chun-xu Hai, Xiao-di Zhang
The unique gene signatures and the top 10 marker genes of each T-cell subgroup were delineated (Figure 3(C)). In addition, GSVA was performed to annotate the function of T-cell subsets. The current study demonstrates that angiogenesis is enabled by high SRPK1 expression in C-1, which is regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor, which initiates or inhibits angiogenesis depending on alternative splicing (Figure 3(D, J)) (Liu et al. 2004; van der Flier et al. 2005; Tzelepis et al. 2018). C-2 was found to strongly express AIM2 (Figure 3(E)). Caspase-1 is activated automatically and promotes the cleavage of IL-1, IL-18, and gasdermin D (Figure 3(E,J)). The n-terminal fragment of gasdermin D causes pyrolysis and the release of mature cytokines IL-1 and IL-18 from the cell. C-2 overexpression gene CD2 is involved in T cell receptor signaling pathway (Figure 3(E,J)). C-3 showed gene enrichment for gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion, epithelial cilium movement involved in extracellular flui, axis elongation, and convergent extension (Figure 3(F,J)). C-4 was characterized by the immune response-related pathways (Figure 3(G,J)). The B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), expression of the costimulatory molecule CD28 on the surface of T lymphocytes were also found to be overexpressed in C-4, indicating this group of cells are active for immune response (Figure 3(G,J)) (Mou et al. 2014). Notably, the function of C-5 GSVA enrichment is mainly related to T-helper 1 cell (Th1) cytokine production, interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway and stimulating C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway (Figure 3(H,J)). Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL1RL1) is a member of the toll-like receptor superfamily that is significantly expressed in C-6 (Figure 3(I)). Unlike other members of the family, IL1RL1 stimulates MAP kinase but does not cause inflammation via activating NF-κB (Figure 3(I,J)) (Brint et al. 2004).
Advances in understanding vertebrate nephrogenesis
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2020
Joseph M. Chambers, Rebecca A. Wingert
Additional aspects of nephron growth include planar cell polarity, mechanical stretch, cell migration and proliferation. It is important to understand that many of the events discussed in this review are occurring simultaneously. For example, the events in this section are taking place while transcription factors direct regionalization of nephron tubules, which will be discussed in the following section. Continuing to think of nephrogenesis in a three-dimensional context, planar cell polarity (PCP) is necessary for proper kidney development. PCP is collective tissue polarity or, polarity as it functions perpendicular to the cellular apical-basal polarity. There are numerous examples of the role PCP plays in developmental biology as it controls convergent extension and oriented cell division.63 One elegant example is found as research discovered the PCP-dependent convergent extension resulting in kidney tubule formation.64 Additionally, PCP controls oriented-cell division, another process that has been linked to kidney tubule elongation.65 While the core PCP components are known to be needed for proper tissue development, other factors and their downstream consequences are being discovered.65–70 One known factor that regulates kidney PCP is Wnt9b acting via Rho-kinase.71–73 This is an area of intense research as dramatically increased proliferation can result in disease states such as polycystic kidney disease (PKD).62 Hippo signaling has been linked closely with PKD cell proliferation via fat4 a negative regulator of hippo signaling providing one avenue for potential molecular exploration.74–77 As we continue to learn about PCP and the other effects involved downstream, we can gain better insight to disease states. Specifically, cell proliferation and its relationship with PCP requires a better understanding as it pertains to kidney development.