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Does Personhood Begin During Pregnancy?
Published in Christopher Kaczor, The Ethics of Abortion, 2023
Another view is that implantation in utero marks the moment when a human being becomes a person. The importance of implantation is linked to the issue of abortion (particularly very early chemical abortion), the fate of human embryos created through in vitro fertilization not implanted in the womb (“spare” human embryos), and to therapeutic cloning, so a word about cloning is in order. A distinction is sometimes drawn between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning creates a new human embryo with the same genome as the “parent” who is cloned but destroys this human embryo in research before it is implanted in a woman's uterus. Reproductive cloning creates a human embryo for the sake of implanting the embryo in a maternal womb to be born. (In fact, both forms of cloning are “reproductive” in that they both produce an embryonic human being.) So, if human personhood begins at implantation, and not before, then therapeutic cloning would be permissible even though it destroys a human embryo. US Senator Orrin Hatch expresses this view in its most popular form when he says that a human life worthy of respect begins “in a woman's womb, not a Petri dish.”
Production of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Cloning is the preferred method for the replication of plants having particular, usually commercially desirable, characteristics. Clones are obtained from buds or cuttings of the same individual, and the essential oils, for example, obtained from them are the same, or very similar to those of the parent. Cloning procedures are well established but may vary in their detail among different species. One important advantage of clones is that commercial harvesting may be possible after a shorter time as compared with plantations grown from seed. One risk does exist though. If the mother plant is diseased, all clones will also be affected, and the plantation would have to be destroyed.
Science of biotechnology – Recombinant DNA technology
Published in Ronald P. Evens, Biotechnology, 2020
Step 3 in rDNA technology involves cloning of the gene and expression of the protein by the gene in host cells. Cloning is the reproduction and multiplication of the new nonhuman cell containing a human gene in the plasmid in the cell; a group of the new cells that is reproduced is called a “clone.” Expression is the production of the target human protein by a nonhuman host cell containing the human gene. These processes require a vector for the DNA (genes), that is, plasmids, as discussed earlier, so that the gene can be carried into a host cell.
Assessment of gamma radiation through agro-morphological characters in camellia sinensis L. (O.) kuntze
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Shobhit K. Singh, Devajit Borthakur, Abhijit Tamuly, J. G. Manjaya, Pradeep K. Patel, Boby Gogoi, Santanu Sabhapondit, Nabajyoti J. Neog, A. K. Barooah
Singh (1979) indicated that over 60% of the world’s tea acreage has received its initial planting materials directly and indirectly from the tea genetic resources of India. The popularity of a few clones in the industry coupled with the danger of narrow genetic variability of the population is likely to make the job of future breeders extremely difficult. The evolution of superior planting materials for tomorrow depends upon the availability of diverse germplasm today, which must be preserved. Singh (1980) explained great success was achieved by breeding for yield-type planting material than for quality. This is due to several reasons such as the non-availability of enough genetically diverse materials and properly evaluated germplasm, inadequate quality evaluation technique, and lack of genetic information about a quality component. Kudo and Futsuhara (1974) concluded that the tea plant is suitable material for studying the radiation effects and the number of leaf buds formed gradually decreased with increasing dose rate and also explained that, the development of leaf buds was considerably inhibited by irradiation during the developmental stages of leaf buds. The number of leaf buds gradually decreased with increasing dose rate until the formation of leaf buds was completely inhibited. It was also reported that the plant height of Phaseolus vulgaris L. was decreased due to the increased level of gamma radiation.
Biologically-based modeling of radiation risk and biomarker prevalence for papillary thyroid cancer in Japanese a-bomb survivors 1958–2005
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Jan Christian Kaiser, Munechika Misumi, Kyoji Furukawa
To allow for radiation exposure, Takano (2017) proposed an independent model of PTC development starting with differentiated fetal thyroid cells (or thyroblasts), which disappear during adolescence. Kaiser et al. (2016) associated this model with CLIP2-related carcinogenesis (C2C) in a second pathway. They assumed that radiation initiates early genetic damage in thyroblasts which develop into PTC faster than in the MSC pathway. Radiation-induced clonal growth has not been included in C2C development of Kaiser et al. (2016). However, pre-neoplastic clones of initiated thyroblasts must be involved in carcinogenesis and are now modeled explicitly. Clones grow easily after radiation exposure, but in the absence of enhanced medical surveillance (screening) they do not become clinically relevant.2
Five-year surveillance and correlation of antibiotic consumption and resistance of Gram-negative bacteria at an intensive care unit in Serbia
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
Radmila Popović, Zdenko Tomić, Ana Tomas, Nada Anđelić, Sanja Vicković, Gordana Jovanović, Dragica Bukumirić, Olga Horvat, Ana Sabo
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat for public health. AMR is the consequence of several factors, including poor infection control in health care settings, poor hygiene and sanitation as well as inappropriate use and overuse of antibiotics.1,2 The reports of Central Asian and European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (CAESAR) network identified high levels of carbapenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumonia and high proportions of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp. in several countries, suggesting the dissemination of resistant clones in the health care setting.3 The intensive care units (ICU) are considered epicentres for resistance development, due to extremely vulnerable patient population,4 highly invasive therapeutic interventions involved,5 as well as the very high intensity of care which makes optimal infection control difficult.6 Furthermore, more than half ICU patients receive antibiotic treatment,4 especially broad-spectrum antimicrobials.