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Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Conjugated proteins or Heteroproteins consist of a simple protein combined with a nonprotein component. The nonprotein component is called a prosthetic group (36, 47). A protein without its prosthetic group is called an apoprotein. A protein molecule combined with its prosthetic group forms a heteroprotein. Prosthetic groups play an important role in the function of proteins. Conjugated proteins are classified according to the nature of their prosthetic groups. They include glycoproteins, lipoproteins, metalloproteins, hemoproteins, phosphoproteins, and so on. Glycoproteins contain a carbohydrate component. Lipoproteins are proteins containing lipid molecules such as cholesterol which are divided into High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) or ‘good’ cholesterol and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) or ‘bad’ cholesterol. Metalloproteins contain metal ions (iron, calcium, copper, zinc, and molybdenum). Phosphoproteins contain phosphate groups, while hemoproteins or chromoproteins possess heme groups such as hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the metalloprotein containing iron for the transport of oxygen in the red blood cells of all mammals (36, 47).
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Joel J. Kirschbaum, Adorjan Aszalos
Neocarcinostatin is a chromoprotein that was initially extracted with 0.1 M acetic acid or 0.1 M HCl in methanol or glacial acetic acid prior to chromatography and was separated into different forms using an octadecylsilane column with a concave gradient run of 50 min of 56–84% methanol in 0.01 M ammonium acetate, pH 4, flowing at 2 ml/min into a 254 nm detector [119].
Photomodulation of Protonema Development
Published in R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla, Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
The red light receptor, responsible for a variety of photomorphogenetic responses in lower and higher plants, is phytochrome. The chromoprotein exists in two convertible forms with different absorption maxima in the red region of the visible light spectrum (Pr, 660 nm and Pfr, 730 nm).2 As the absorption spectra overlap in the red spectral range, the two pigment forms always coexist in a wavelength-dependent photoequilibrium.
Responsive polymer conjugates for drug delivery applications: recent advances in bioconjugation methodologies
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Daniel Cristian Ferreira Soares, Caroline Mari Ramos Oda, Liziane Oliveira Fonseca Monteiro, Andre Luis Branco de Barros, Marli Luiza Tebaldi
Neocarzinostatin (NCS) is a protein with high anti-tumour activity and can inhibit tumour cell growth at the nanomolar range. However, the major limitation of NCS clinical use is its severe toxicity and very short half-life of about 1.9 min in mice [37–40]. Matsumura and Maeda developed a conjugate of chromoprotein NCS by covalent coupling with a polystyrene-maleimide copolymer and proved that the conjugate increased the circulation times in vivo relative to the native protein [41]. Since then, interest in research about polymer–protein conjugation for therapeutic use has been increased. In this way, Maeda et al. [42] reported increased bio-circulation of a covalently coupled conjugate of chromoprotein-NCS and a polystyrene-maleimide copolymer (SMANCS) (Figure 2). This conjugate was approved in Japan by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) for treatment of hepatocellular cancer.
Skin Transcriptome of Middle-Aged Women Supplemented With Natural Herbo-mineral Shilajit Shows Induction of Microvascular and Extracellular Matrix Mechanisms
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Amitava Das, Mohamed S. El Masry, Surya C. Gnyawali, Subhadip Ghatak, Kanhaiya Singh, Richard Stewart, Madeline Lewis, Abhijoy Saha, Gayle Gordillo, Savita Khanna
Shilajit is a resinous blackish-brown sticky tar-like herbo-mineral exudate that seeps from sedimentary rocks of steep mountainous regions and has reported medicinal properties (1, 2). Although geographic and environmental factors determine the composition of shilajit (1, 3), chemical characterization of shilajit has revealed the presence of three major components as represented by dibenzo-α-pyrones (DBPs, also known as urolithins in free form as well as conjugated with chromoproteins), fulvic acid with DBP core nucleus, and humic acid (2, 3). Shilajit and its active constituents have been reported to possess an array of pharmacological properties including adaptogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, and neurological properties (4, 5).