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Angiogenesis and Roles of Adhesion Molecules in Psoriatic Disease
Published in Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, Debasis Bagchi, Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis, 2017
Asmita Hazra, Saptarshi Mandal
YKL40 is also variously known as chitinase 3–like protein 1 (CHI3L1) or cartilage gp39, breast regression protein 39 (BRP39), the 38 kDa heparin binding glycoprotein (gp38k), and chondrex. It is an enzymatically inactive (pseudochitinase or chitinase-like) member of the glycosyl hydrolase 18 (mammalian chitinase) family. The name YKL40 is derived from the first three amino acids present on the N-terminus of the secreted form and its molecular mass, 40 kDa. Chitin is (β-1-4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Although mammals do not produce chitin, after cellulose, chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth. Chitin is a major component of a variety of environmental allergens, including house dust mites or fungal spores, and can act as a foreign alarmin to which YKL40 acts as the PRR and bridges innate and adaptive immunity. YKL40 has a highly conserved chitin binding domain but is enzymatically inactive due to substitution of an essential glutamic acid with leucine in the chitinase 3–like catalytic active site.
Glioblastoma
Published in Dongyou Liu, Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Based on gene expression profiling, glioblastoma can be divided into four subtypes: classical, proneural, mesenchymal, and neural. The classical subtype contains chromosome 7 amplification, chromosome 10 deletion, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification, and homozygous deletion of the Ink4a/ARF locus. The mesenchymal subtype shows a high frequency of neurofibromatosis type 1 mutation/deletion and high expression of CHI3L1 and MET. The proneural subtype (including most secondary glioblastomas) is associated with younger age, PDGFRA alterations, and IDH1 and TP53 mutations. The neural subtype is characterized by expression of neuronal markers [3].
A genetic variation in CHI3L1 is associated with bronchial asthma
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Jinlian Shao, Xuexi Yang, Dunqiang Ren, Yaling Luo, Wenyan Lai
Chitinases are a family of evolutionarily conserved hydrolases characterized by their ability to cleave chitin. In addition to true chitinases, chitinase-like proteins have a chitin-binding ability but lack enzymatic activity. Both chitinases and chitinase-like proteins are potent up-regulators or down-regulators of the innate immune response (Hakala et al. 1993, Ober et al. 2008). Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), also known as YKL-40 or human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (HCgp-39), is a 40-kD mammalian glycoprotein. The CHI3L1 gene is located on chromosome 1q32.1. Prominent expression of YKL-40 has been associated with pathologic conditions characterized by tissue inflammation and remodeling, or by aberrant cell growth, such as atherosclerosis, schizophrenia, liver fibrosis and several malignancies (Boot et al. 1999, Johansen et al. 2000, 2006, Rathcke et al. 2006, Kim et al. 2007, Kucur et al. 2007). A recent study reported that plasma YKL-40 levels were elevated in patients with asthma (Chupp et al. 2007).
Proteomic examination of the neuroglial secretome: lessons for the clinic
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Jong-Heon Kim, Ruqayya Afridi, Won-Ha Lee, Kyoungho Suk
Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a well-characterized marker of neuroaxonal damage used widely in MS diagnosis; however, recent lines of evidence suggest that serum NfL reflects only axonal damage. To address this issue, GFAP analysis in the serum and CSF is receiving much attention to determine disease severity in relapsing and non-relapsing stages of MS [101]. Serum and CSF samples were collected from patients and the levels of GFAP and NfL were analyzed using the Single Molecule Array (SIMOA) assay. The study compared the resultant values with disease severity and concluded that serum GFAP was highly correlated with disease severity as compared to the NfL released from damaged axons, indicating the potential of serum GFAP as a marker of disease severity. In addition to the detection of GFAP, the study also analyzed sTREM2 and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) using ELISA. CHI3L1 is secreted from microglia and astrocytes and is used as an indicator of gliosis. The results of sTREM2 and CHI3L1 analysis did not correlate with disease severity, but the levels were higher than those in normal controls, indicating the glia-secreted proteins reflect damages in MS and are a potential source of tentative biomarkers [101,102]. Another cohort longitudinal study also found serum GFAP to be a more accurate reflection of disease than NfL [101]. The effects of treatment were also correlated with serum GFAP levels, indicating that the serum GFAP is a potent diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker.
Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics and biological heterogeneity in Alzheimer’s disease: A literature review
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2020
Kirsten E. J. Wesenhagen, Charlotte E. Teunissen, Pieter Jelle Visser, Betty M. Tijms
When separating studies based on clinical or biological AD, the studies that used a clinical diagnosis of AD reported differences between AD vs. controls in 256 proteins, of which 49 were reported in at least two studies with 9 proteins (18.4%) consistently increased, 11 proteins (22.4%) consistently decreased and 29 (59.2%) showing inconsistent changes. For a biomarker/pathology confirmed diagnosis, 299 distinct proteins were significantly different in AD vs. controls and 29 were reported in at least two studies of which 9 (31%) consistently increased, 8 (27.6%) consistently decreased and 12 (41.4%) contrasting reports. When comparing studies using a clinical and biomarker/pathology confirmed diagnoses, 22 proteins were consistently increased in AD across mode of diagnosis (18% and 13.3% of total increased proteins in clinical or biomarker based studies, respectively) and 7 decreased (6.7% and 5.9% of total decreased proteins in clinical or biomarker based studies, respectively). Of these proteins, only CHI3L1 and C3 were measured in more than one study using a biomarker/postmortem supported diagnosis (CHI3L1: 4 studies, C3: 2 studies) and a clinical diagnosis (CHI3L1: 2 studies, C3: 2 studies).