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Adrenoleukodystrophy
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
The specific biochemical abnormality in ALD is the accumulation of very long-chain unbranched fatty acids, which are saturated or mono-unsaturated. The carbon lengths of these compounds are 24 to 30. They are found normally among the fatty acids of the cholesterol esters and gangliosides of the cerebral white matter and the adrenal cortex, and C26:0 makes up as much as 5 percent of the total fatty acids of cerebrosides and sulfatides of the normal brain [8, 57–59]. Similarly, the VLCFA that accumulate in ALD are predominantly those with a chain length of 26 [15]. They are largely hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) (cerotic acid). Accumulation of these VLCFA has been demonstrated in cultured fibroblasts [14, 59, 60] and muscle cells [61]. In cultured fibroblasts, the ratio of C26 to C22 fatty acids has been useful in diagnosis, as well as the level of C26:0 [14]. The ratio was 0.76 in six patients with clinically typical disease and 0.78 in five patients with autopsy-proven disease, while in controls it was 0.06. The concentrations of these same very long-chain saturated fatty acids in plasma are also increased [62], and this is the most convenient method for definitive diagnosis. The levels of C24 (lignoceric acid), C25, and C26 are significantly elevated, while those of C20 and C22 are normal. The C26:C22 ratios of hemizygotes are approximately five times those of controls. In general, the plasma assay is sufficient for diagnosis. In instances in which the data are equivocal, the fibroblast assay is employed. The accumulation of VLCFA in patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy is no different than in patients with classic ALD [14]. False positives may be caused by hemolysis in the sample, a ketogenic diet, and peanut butter.
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Toxicity — Thorns from mesquite, on penetrating the eye, cause more inflammation than expected from the physical injury. The irritation may be due to waxes. Injection of cerotic acid is destructive to the eye.6 (Still Amerindians applied the leaves for conjunctivitis.) Using the wood in a fireplace has caused dermatitis, as has working with seasoned wood. The gum has irritant properties. Reports on cattle toxicity vary. Ingestion over long periods of time will result in death in cattle.11 The pollen may cause allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and/or hypersensitivity pneumonitis.11 Kingsbury14 goes into some detail on mesquite poisoning in cattle, including cases where autopsies showed pods and seeds in the rumen 9 months after the cattle could have ingested them. Mesquite poisoning may induce a permanent impairment of the ability to digest cellulose.14 Felker and Bandurski275 also provide interesting detail. If Prosopis pods are the sole food source for cattle, circa 1% becomes sick, and some die with a compacted pod ball in the rumen. Death is attributed to high sugar content repressing the rumen-bacterial cellulose activity. Mesquite feeding to pigs was promising during the first 4 weeks, deteriorating thereafter, perhaps due to phytohemagglutinins and trypsin inhibition. Feeding trials with sheep show a 15% higher protein disgestibility coefficient for mesquite pods than for alfalfa hay. Trypsin inhibition has been demonstrated. Contains isorhamnetin 3-glucoside, apigenin, 6,8-diglycoside, and traces of quercitin 3’,3diOMe, leutolin 3’-OMe, and apigenin diglycoside.274 According to Morton, the gum is irritant and causes dermatitis in susceptible people. Flowers may cause respiratory irritation.42
Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants, 2017
“Burning Bush” “Wahoo”ASPARAGINE BK HHBATROPUROL RE HHBATROPURPURIN BK HHBCEROTIC-ACID PL HHBCITRIC-ACID PL HHBCITRULLOL BK HHBDULCITOL 20,900 RT HHBEUONIC-ACID PL HHBEUONYMOL BK HHBEUONYSTEROL RE HHBFURAN-BETA-CARBONIC-ACID RT HHBGALACTITOL PL CRCHOMOEUONYSTEROL RE HHBLINOLEIC-ACID PL HHBMALIC-ACID PL HHBPHYTOSTEROLS PL CRCTANNIN RT HHBTARTARIC-ACID PL HHB
Nutrient and Antioxidant Properties of Oils from Bagasses, Agricultural Residues, Medicinal Plants, and Fodders
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Agomuo Emmanuel Nnabugwu, Amadi Peter Uchenna
The long- and very-long-chain fatty acid contents of oils from some bagasse, agricultural residues, and forages are presented in Table 3. The arachidic and eicosanoic acid content of the oils evaluated were in a range of 0% to 12.27% and 0% to 13.11%, respectively. Only SJ and PP oils and PP and PM oils contained eicosadienoic and eicosatrienoic acids, respectively. CC oil contained the highest quantity of behenic acid followed by GH oil, while in the case of erucic and docosahexaenoic acid contents, GH oil showed higher compositions than CC oil. Further, the results in Table 3 showed that the range of lignoceric, nervonic, and cerotic acid compositions of the oils were in a range of 0% to 27.30%, 0% to 0.08%, and 0% to 10.29%, with the bagasse oils containing the highest quantities of lignoceric and cerotic acids but undetected nervonic acid contents. The reports of Ajayi (40) implied that African nutmeg contained comparable arachidic acids to those of the bagasse oils presented in this study, but the eicosanoic acid levels of most edible oils—coconut, sesame, and olive oils (39)—were lower than the oils analyzed in this study. Eicosanoic and eicosadienoic acids have reportedly been found to possess anti-inflammatory properties (41); hence, these oils could be evaluated for possible anti-inflammatory properties. Further, with high proportions of behenic acids, erucic acids, and other very-long-chain unsaturated fatty acids known for their cholesterol-elevating properties (42), CA, CC, and GH oils could only be suitable for non-food industrial uses, such as production of floor polishes and detergents.