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Dentin-Pulp Complex Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Amaury Pozos-Guillén, Héctor Flores
All tissues originate from stem cells, which play an indispensable role in embryonic development and tissue regeneration. These cells are capable of self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation into multiple mature cell types. Stem cell potency describes the potential of the cell to divide and express different cell phenotypes. Totipotent stem cells are able to divide and produce all the cells in an individual. Pluripotent stem cells have not completely divided and can become many cells, but not all lineages. They are able to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm, where the progeny has multiple distinct phenotypes, whilst multipotent stem cells can differentiate into cells from multiple, but a limited number of lineages (Robey 2000).
Stem cell biology
Published in Christine Hauskeller, Arne Manzeschke, Anja Pichl, The Matrix of Stem Cell Research, 2019
The concept of stem cell potency weaves together cell-level and organism-level development in at least two ways. First, a given stem cell’s developmental potential is conceptualized in terms of an adult multicellular organism. If stem cell potency were characterized in cellular terms only, the ‘pluri-’, ‘multi-’, and ‘uni-’ monikers would simply refer to ‘raw numbers’ of cell types. But the designations of potency refer not to cell types considered in isolation, so to speak, but relative to the completed process of organismal development. Pluri-, multi-, and unipotent stem cells are capable of giving rise to all, some, or one of the cell types making up the body of the source organism from which they are derived. So, multicellular organisms are implicated in both the sources of stem cells and their potential products. Furthermore, the ordering of stem cells by potency is thought to be correlated with the developmental stage of the source organism. That is, the earlier the latter’s developmental stage, the greater the former’s developmental potential (Figure 8.4). As development of a multicellular organism proceeds, the developmental potential of stem cells derived from that organism diminishes. Stem cells derived from an early embryo are pluripotent, while stem cells isolated from parts of a fully developed organism of the same species are (usually) multi-, oligo-, or unipotent. The question of how strict this correspondence is, and whether pluripotent stem cells can be reliably found in adult organisms, is a matter of protracted controversy (see Fagan, 2013a, Chapter 3).
Engraftment and Proliferation of Thermoreversible-Gelation-Polymer-Encapsulated Human Corneal Limbal-Stem-Cells on Ocular Surface of a Cadaver Cornea
Published in Current Eye Research, 2023
Rajappa Senthilkumar, Hiroshi Yoshioka, Shojiro Katoh, Masaru Iwasaki, Vaddi Surya Prakash, Madasamy Balamurugan, Vidyasagar Devaprasad Dedeepiya, Senthilkumar Preethy, Samuel J. K. Abraham
Autologous LSCT has been in practice for more than twenty years.29 A critical feature for success of the procedure depends on a proper three-dimensional environment to allow the cells to grow preserving their native phenotype and stem cell potency apart from using a good carrier material for transplantation.30,31 An ideal carrier material for LSCT should be malleable for easy handling during transplantation, transparent, biocompatible and facilitate corneal re-epithelialization and integration into the cornea.32 Several carrier materials including natural products such as hAM and synthetic scaffolds have been reported in earlier studies of LSCT.32,33 However natural scaffolds such as hAM have the disadvantages of biological risk of infection while the synthetic scaffolds have lesser biocompatibility than natural scaffolds.34,35 Acellular matrices have also been reported as carrier materials, but they have disadvantage of lesser mechanical strength and malleability.35
Stem signatures associating SOX2 antibody helps to define diagnosis and prognosis prediction with esophageal cancer
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Zi-Yang Peng, Qing-Shi Wang, Kai Li, Si-Si Chen, Xiang Li, Guo-Dong Xiao, Shou-Ching Tang, Hong Ren, Zhe Wang, Xin Sun
Stem cell potency-associated members were applied for expression identification using the CBIOPORTAL, and the profiled patterns of different studies are shown in Figure 2, which has emphasized a good concordance of the four members of PGP9.5, SOX2, TP53 and CAGE with the surface markers of cancer stem cells of either PROM1, CD44 or ALDH1A1. Overexpressed SOX2 did not result in survival differences in adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma (Figure 2(A,B)). SOX2 expression patterns were much similar in either squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, and its overexpression was significant (Figure 2(C,D)). SOX2 expression signatures in squamous and adenocarcinoma were screened, and the overexpressed SOX2 was frequently occurred in squamous esophageal carcinoma (Figure 2(E,F)), indicating its cancer-type-specific existence. The SOX2 expression level was higher in squamous esophageal carcinoma (Figure 2(G)), and the SOX2-associated Notch signalling was co-activated (Figure 2(H–K)), which strongly suggested the squamous esophageal carcinoma-specific SOX2 signature. We found significant differences of these genes between cases with alternations and those without alternations through screening the database, and also, the decreased case numbers and median months were shown (Figure S1(A–C)). We also found that they interacted as upstream and downstream molecules (Figure S1(E)).
Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells: a promising cancer immunotherapy
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
Kajal Chaudhry, Ehsan Dowlati, Catherine M. Bollard
Serious thoughts should also be given to the question regarding whether sequential therapy using CAR NK followed by CART cells would improve patient outcomes. Both therapies could have synergistic effects while potentially minimizing the side effects. Another consideration to enhance NK cell potency is a careful evaluation of the different NK cell subsets being transduced with the CAR and whether this results in different functional phenotypes. There is a seminal work published by Pfefferle et al., which demonstrated intra-lineage plasticity and functional reprogramming of NK cell subsets [256]. However, there has been limited published data that evaluates whether any specific NK subset is superior in terms of cytolytic function post CAR transduction compared to bulk transduced NK cells.