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The cell and tissues
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Each cell has a collection of microtubules and filaments that are associated with the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane and also form a network throughout the cell. They are composed of proteins, some of which are similar to those found in muscle cells. They help to give the cell shape, attachment for organelles and also enable cell movement. The movement is particularly important in white cells, such as monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils, that have to change shape to pass through capillaries and to be able to move through the pores in capillary walls to reach areas of inflammation and infection.
Proteinase Inhibitors: An Overview of their Structure and Possible Function in the Acute Phase
Published in Andrzej Mackiewicz, Irving Kushner, Heinz Baumann, Acute Phase Proteins, 2020
One of the perplexing functions of proteinase inhibitors, but of important potential to the acute phase response, is their apparent activity as growth factors for a number of cells. For example, human bikunin and PSTI are able to stimulate the growth of human endothelial cells,17 and TIMP-1 is a growth factor for a number of different cell types.18 Such activities have no consensus biological explanations, but it is likely that the effects are due to the inhibition of proteolytic activity, and a common scenario that may explain the effects is suggested below. Proteinase zymogens are secreted by many cells and are also present in animal sera used in cell culture. Upon activation, these proteinases can degrade cell-surface adhesion molecules necessary for cell movement and growth. Inhibition of these proteinases would allow maintenance of the adhesion molecules, and therefore appear to be growth stimulatory in vitro. Whether these effects occur in vivo is technically difficult to assess.
Lymphology and the Lymphatic System
Published in Waldemar L. Olszewski, Lymph Stasis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment, 2019
Lymphocytes migrate actively across the nonlymphoid tissues. The cell movement is accomplished by three closely correlated mechanisms: generation of driving force, adaption of cell shape, and formation of attachment sites. There are changes in direction of locomotion of locomotive cells, short tracks, and reduction of speed imposed by the texture of their environment. However, the main question remains in what tissue compartment the cells actually locomote. There are no empty spaces and what appears as such contains a network of proteoglycans associated with collagen. Is propulsion by mere physical pressure generated by locomoting cells sufficient, or is lysis of host constituents necessary? The tempo of migration of lymphocytes through the tissues to lymphatics is different from that of red cells. There is a relatively high concentration of lymphocytes in lymph when the lymph flow is low, quite opposite to red blood cells. This indicates that lymphocytes have their own tempo of active migration, and as we know from more detailed studies, the tempo is relatively constant throughout the 24 h.5
Dual role of E-cadherin in cancer cells
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2022
Svetlana N. Rubtsova, Irina Y. Zhitnyak, Natalya A. Gloushankova
Collective migration is driven by growth factors, cytokines and extracellular matrix ligands, and the cells in the group that are the most responsive to these stimuli convert into leader cells. In the group of collectively migrating cancer cells, the chemokine gradient may be self-generated, allowing the group to efficiently migrate, as was shown for melanoma cells self-generating lysophosphatidic acid gradient which drives cell movement.150 Leader cells undergo pEMT and gain mesenchymal phenotype while remaining attached to the follower cells that can maintain epithelial apical-basal polarity.151 Collectively moving cells are linked together by adhesive structures, mainly E-cadherin-based AJs. AJs support leader cell front-rear polarity and inhibition of protrusion formation in follower cells.142,143 As was shown earlier, the asymmetric distribution of N- or E-cadherin-based AJs in a cell group is sufficient to promote cell polarization toward free edge.152,153 Cadherin-based AJs contribute to coordination of collective migration by restricting lamellipodial activity in the regions of cell–cell contacts and triggering Rac-driven membrane protrusions.143 It was also demonstrated that cells behind the prospective leaders exert forces on future leader cells facilitating their polarization.154
Cancer and immunity: who is shaping whom?
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2021
Chemokines are small-size cytokine-like proteins secreted by different immune and nonimmune cells that mainly facilitate immune cell movement toward higher concentration through chemokine receptors. Various classes of chemokine are produced by cells, and they play an important role in various immunological processes such as inflammation and immune homeostasis. The expression and function of chemokines alter significantly in various infectious and noninfectious diseases. The third review article in this issue by Zangouei et al. discusses the role of chemokines in bladder cancer. The article describes the interaction between immune cells and bladder cancer tissues and discusses the role of an immune activator (Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine) in the treatment of bladder cancer. It also highlights the importance of chemokines and chemokine receptors as a marker for the early detection of this cancer, as well as for cancer progression and metastasis [3]. This article will be of particular interest to oncoimmunologists and immunologists working on the fundamental and/or developmental aspects of cancer diagnostics (Figure 1).
Oleuropein: A Potential Inhibitor for Prostate Cancer Cell Motility by Blocking Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Hatice Gumushan Aktas, Huda Ayan
The symbol of peace, olive tree (Olea europea, L.), a perennial plant, is grown for nutritious fruits and oil obtained from these fruits. Different parts and products of the plant have been using for nutritional, cosmetic, and medical purposes, especially in the Mediterranean countries. Researchers informed that oleuropein was one of the abundant compounds in the olive trees, especially leaves and fruits of it (20). Oleuropein is the secoiridoid that gives the bitter taste to olive and olive oil (21). Panizzi et al. (22) have reported that oleuropein is a glucosidic ester of hydroxytyrosol and elenolic acid (Figure 1) (23). As reviewed by Omar (24), oleuropein has beneficial effects on health, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, antiischemic, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, antiviral, and cardioprotective behaviors as well as cytotoxic and anticancer activity. Additionally, it has been reported that oleuropein has an inhibitory effect on L-type (25) and T-type Ca2+ channels (26), and therefore, it may be useful for the treatment of cancer, as well as cardiovascular disorders. Furthermore, some studies have shown that oleuropein suppresses cancer cell motility. However, these studies focused on mechanisms different from VGSC-mediated cell movement (27, 28).