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Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Chlorpyrifos and coumaphos are both OP insecticides; chlorpyrifos is used on both crops and livestock, but coumaphos is used exclusively on animals. Carbofuran, a carbamate insecticide, is used on crops. Pendimethalin and trifluralin are herbicides used on annual grasses and broadleaf weeds among crops, and metalazyl is a fungicide used on crops and in soil treatment for disease control. The acute toxicities of these pesticides vary from slightly toxic (pendimethalin) to highly toxic (coumaphos and carbofuran).1167 Chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, and carbofuran all inhibit AChE to varying degrees.1167 Thus, it is unlikely that the observations for these six chemicals could result from some common use pattern or toxicity. Although the findings for these unrelated pesticides make it difficult to speculate on a potential mechanism, the results do suggest that pesticide exposures that do not result in poisonings may be a risk factor for MI in women.
Analytical Toxicology of Vitreous Humor
Published in Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine, Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
Ferslew et al.79 reported a suicidal ingestion of carbofuran, a carbamate insecticide with cholinesterase-inhibiting properties. In addition to reporting the concentration of the insecticide in various specimens (plasma, serum, whole blood, erythrocytes, vitreous humor, and bile), they also examined the cholinesterase activity in each of these specimens and compared the results with normal/expected values. Because cholinesterase activity data were not previously known for vitreous humor or bile, specimens from 18 other autopsies in the same office were used to establish control values. They found that cholinesterase activity was inhibited in all specimens collected from the decedent, by proportions ranging from 74% (bile) to 99% (erythrocytes) of normal.
Carcinogenicity of Agricultural Pesticides in Adults and Children
Published in Ana Maria Osorio, Lynn R. Goldman, Proceedings from the Medical Workshop on Pesticide-Related Illnesses from the International Conference on Pesticide Exposure and Health, 2017
Michael C. R. Alavanja, Mary H. Ward, Peggy Reynolds
Among the occupational studies of farmers, 18 of 29 studies, showed an excess of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma compared to the general population.26 In a meta-analysis of 6 studies examining the association between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and farming in the central United States the overall estimated relative risk is 1.34 (95% Confidence interval = 1.17-1.55).125 The various studies which attempted to assess the associations between specific pesticides and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, however, do not yet offer a clear etiologic picture. Among a series of population-based case-control studies, NHL was linked to organochlorine pesticides. 126-129 In a multi-center population-based incident study in Canada127 several chemical classes of pesticides were associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides and to carbamate and organophosphate insecticides, to amide fumigants and to the fumigant carbon tetrachloride. Carbaryl, a carbamate insecticide, was found to be a risk factor for NHL in a pooled analysis.130 A trace contaminant, dioxin, formed during the manufacture of several chemicals including the phenoxyherbicides 2,4,5 T and 2,4,5, TP has also been suggested to play a role in the etiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.131 Additional studies are needed that have the capability of identifying a association of a specific pesticide with NHL are need, since NHL is a grouping of more than 20 phenotypes, it may be necessary for future studies to distinguish between these phenotype in etiologic studies as well.132
Exposure to pesticides and oxidative stress in Brazilian agricultural communities
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Aline de Souza Espindola Santos, Christine Gibson Parks, Mariana Macedo Senna, Leandro Vargas B. de Carvalho, Armando Meyer
Exposure to insecticides has been positively associated with CAT and SOD activities, and negatively associated with GST and GR activities and thiol levels in cross-sectional studies (Mecdad et al.2011, Ogut et al.2011). Zepeda-Arce et al. (2017) observed that the use of bendiocarb, a carbamate insecticide, and deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, were positively associated with GPx activity. In our study, deltamethrin use was negatively associated with GST activity, while the carbamate insecticide methomyl was positively associated with GR and GPx activities. Although speculative, these last results suggest that methomyl might be associated with an increased RO2H (Figure 1). Rats orally exposed to deltamethrin showed suppression of GPx, GST, and CAT activities in liver and kidney tissues (Rehman et al.2006, Sharma et al.2014). In animal models, subacute exposure to methomyl was associated with decreased GPx and GR activity in rat serum (Mansour et al.2017).
Magnesium sulfate and calcium channel blocking drugs as antidotes for acute organophosphorus insecticide poisoning – a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Miran Brvar, Ming Yin Chan, Andrew H. Dawson, Richard R. Ribchester, Michael Eddleston
We identified relevant papers in three stages (Figure 1). Review of titles and abstracts revealed 75 and 2187 papers of potential relevance in PubMed and China Academic Journals Full-text Database, respectively. The second stage, involving the screening of full-text articles for eligibility, revealed a total of 19 papers relevant to the question were identified: five preclinical studies [22–26], nine case reports or small case series [27–35], and five clinical studies, and trials [36–40]. We also obtained primary data from three unpublished clinical trials of MgSO4, providing data from a total of eight clinical studies and trials for analysis. None of the studies was of carbamate insecticide poisoning; all were of OP insecticide poisoning. No pre-clinical or clinical studies of CCB and MgSO4 in combination were found.
Monitoring of pesticides residues in soil samples from the southern districts of Jordan in 2016/2017
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohammed H. Kailani, Tawfiq M. Al-Antary, Mahmoud A. Alawi
Table 5 shows concentrations, median, and range of the found pesticide residues in Aqaba soil samples. Twenty-one pesticides were detected in the analyzed soil samples which were cultivated at that time with different vegetables such as tomatoes, grapes, onions, aubergines, cauliflowers, potatoes, and palms. The five samples with the highest residue concentrations were detected for the following pesticides (mg/kg). Specifically, they were imidacloprid (0.42), carbofuran (0.32), azoxtstroben (0.21), metribuzin (0.20), and difenconazole (0.20). Imidacloprid is a systemic neonicotinoidinsecticide, widely used for insect control in agriculture in Jordan and worldwide (Al-Antary 1996). It is persistent with a half-life of 39 days in the soil surface (Fossen 2006). Carbofuran is a systemic carbamate insecticide used to control a wide range of agricultural insects as granular formulation applied on soil in Jordan and worldwide (Al-Antary 1996), and recently banned in Jordan. It is banned also in Canada and the European Union (Goad et al.2004). Azoxystroben is a systemic fungicide to control a wide range of plant fungal pathogens including leaf spot and rust, powdery mildew, downy mildew (Al-Antary 1996). A study (Jorgensen et al.2012) showed that azoxystroben can leach through loamy soil for a long period of time following the application. Metribuzin is a pre- and post-emergence herbicide widely used in agricultural crops such as potatoes and tomatoes. Due to its high polarity that might allow its residues to move down in the soil reaching the ground water (Undabeytia et al.2011). Difenconazole is a systemic fungicide used commonly in agriculture to control plant diseases. This chemical is banned in Norway because it has a bad effect on human- and animal endocrine system (EPA 2015) which is common in many insecticides and fungicides.