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Metabolic Bone Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
In metabolic bone disease, the findings of the history and examination vary according to the metabolic bone disease in question (detailed individually in the following pages). In general, people with chronic diseases such as osteomalacia or osteoporosis present with features specific to the musculoskeletal system such as bone pain and deformity (Table 5.1). In contrast, people with disorders of short duration, such as hypercalcaemia of malignancy, tend to present with an acute disturbance in calcium metabolism (Table 5.2 and Table 5.3). Family history may reveal details of rare familial metabolic bone diseases as well.
Wound Healing, Ulcers, and Scars
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Saloni Shah, Christian Albornoz, Sherry Yang
Management: Immediate management involves proper wound care to prevent further necrosis and infection. Intravenous sodium thiosulfate, low calcium hemodialysis, phosphate binders, bisphosphonates, and calcined may help correct calcium metabolism. Unfortunately, there is a relatively poor prognosis.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Vitamin D is needed for calcium metabolism in the body, blood pressure regulation, immune function, and insulin secretion. Low vitamin D status is linked with many chronic disease states and is useful for the prevention of high blood pressure, autoimmune conditions, osteoporosis, and cancer. Evidence from a systematic review of randomized controlled trials suggests that low serum vitamin D may cause NAFLD, in that hypovitaminosis D is associated with the severity and incidence of NAFLD (Hariri and Zohdi 2019). Low vitamin D levels may also increase the risk of developing NAFLD due to the lowered ability to counter inflammation when vitamin D deficiency is present (Barchetta et al. 2011).
Protective Effect of Calcitriol on Organ Damage Induced by 5-Fluorouracil Treatment
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Szu-Chi Chen, Chun-Yen Ke, Yi-Maun Subeq, Wan-Ting Yang, Shyh-Geng Huang, An-Suey Shiao, Ru-Ping Lee
The overexpression of specific calcium channels in some cancer types has been discussed in previous studies. Calcium metabolism in a cancer state is a product of the tumor microenvironment and it directly affects processes in tumor proliferation and invasiveness (40). The inhibition of tumor calcium channels has been used to decrease tumor calcium intake as a cancer therapy strategy, for instance, to inhibit the transmembrane protein TRPV (transient receptor potential vanilloid) channel (40). TRPV overexpression has been reported in the proliferation of some malignant cancers. For example, the effects of TRPV6 inhibitor on cytosolic calcium signaling can contribute to preventing the proliferation of cancer cells (40). In addition, vitamin D has been found to decrease TRPV6 expression in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (41), and vitamin D receptor (VDR) functions as a tumor suppressor in RCC cells. Indeed, the overexpression of VDR significantly inhibits RCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by regulating the expression of TRPV5 (42). Taken together, these findings suggest that the administration of vitamin D3 could potentially show even better functionality in a cancer condition than in the normal rat physiology described in this study.
Multi-center observational study on occurrence and related clinical factors of neurogenic heterotopic ossification in patients with disorders of consciousness
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
A Estraneo, A Pascarella, O Masotta, M Bartolo, F Pistoia, C Perin, S Marino, L Lucca, V Pingue, E Casanova, AM Romoli, S Gentile, R Formisano, GP Salvi, F Scarponi, A De Tanti, P Bongioanni, E Rossato, A Santangelo, AR Diana, M Gambarin, D Intiso, R Antenucci, S Premoselli, M Bertoni, L Trojano
This study had some limitations. First, we could not collect any information about possible presence of NHO in the acute phase. Such information is indeed often missing from clinical reports of ICU staff. Longitudinal studies in large cohorts of patients with DoC enrolled in the early acute phase and followed up in the rehabilitative phase could allow to identify the time window with the highest risk for developing NHO. Second, data about the pharmacological treatments for prevention of NHO were not collected, as this was not the focus of the present study. Thus we were unable to assess the possible impact of pharmacological treatment commonly used in presence of early inflammatory signs around joints (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)(8). Similarly, no data were available about possible early rehabilitation treatment in the acute phase, although the efficacy of such therapeutic strategies is still debated (3,4,11), nor could we evaluate the possible effect of post-acute rehabilitation programme, that was administered to all enrolled patients, although with some heterogeneity. Finally, we did not consider disorders of calcium metabolism (e.g. hyperparathyroidisms) as our study was mainly focused on clinical aspects.
An investigation of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and their infants in Giresun province located in the Black Sea region of Turkey
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2019
Sema Baki Yildirim, Özlem Koşar Can
Vitamin D is essential for calcium metabolism and also for the healthy development of the muscular and skeletal system (Holick 2004). Vitamin D, which is synthesised into the skin under the UV exposure and taken with the dietary, is transferred to the liver; then 25(OH)D is formed in the liver (Holick 2004; Jones et al. 2016). 25(OH)D is the main metabolite in the circulation of vitamin D, and its concentration in the serum also indicates the vitamin D stores. Therefore, vitamin D is indirectly determined by serum 25(OH)D levels. The vitamin D of the fetus is provided by the pregnant woman, especially through a transition from the placenta in the last trimester (Schroth et al. 2005; Bodnar et al. 2007a). It has also been observed that the vitamin D levels in breastfeeding during the first 2 months of the infants' life show a correlation with the maternal vitamin D status (Hollis and Wagner 2004; Hatun et al. 2005). Regarding the definition of a vitamin D deficiency, although there is no complete consensus on the definition criterion of the serum levels for especially pregnant women, vitamin D deficiency in mothers and infants is defined as 25(OH)D levels below ≤20 ng/mL in the most recent publications (Holick and Chen 2008; Holick 2009; Henry et al. 2010).