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Primary Colloid Carcinoma of Lung
Published in Wickii T. Vigneswaran, Thoracic Surgery, 2019
John Hallsten, Adrian E. Rodrigues, Wickii T. Vigneswaran
Colloid carcinoma of the lung represents an entity with two distinct clinic-pathologic and immune-phenotypic variants: (1) the goblet cell-type, presenting a more indolent clinical behavior and frequently co-expressing markers of intestinal and pulmonary differentiation; (2) the more aggressive signet-ring cell-type, which retains only markers of pulmonary origin. On morphologic and immunohistochemical grounds, these are easily distinguishable from mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Since goblet cell-type strongly stains with CDX2, MUC2, and CK20, differential diagnosis with metastatic colorectal carcinoma is very challenging and requires appropriate clinical correlation. Patients with goblet cell-type tend to follow a more indolent course, while the signet-ring cell-type can follow an aggressive course [3].
Appendix tumours and pseudomyxoma peritonei: A ‘paradigm’ for peritoneal disease
Published in Tom Cecil, John Bunni, Akash Mehta, A Practical Guide to Peritoneal Malignancy, 2019
The urachus is the primary site of tumours that closely resemble mucinous neoplasms of the appendix and can cause PMP [24]. These tumours show enteric differentiation and immunohistochemically express intestinal-type markers such as CK20, CDX2 and MUC2.
Companion Diagnostic (CDx) Tests in Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-Certified Laboratories
Published in Il-Jin Kim, Companion Diagnostics (CDx) in Precision Medicine, 2019
Precision medicine has been defined as “identifying the right drug, for the right patients, at the right dose, at the right time.”1,2 The old “one-fits-all” approach does not work for cancer treatment, although targeted or tailored therapies are not yet available for all cancers.1,3 For patients to have access to precision medicine, diagnostic devices are usually required to measure biological or molecular analytes. These are defined as companion diagnostics (CDx)2 and are used to identify the patient population who would benefit from the specific treatment targeting the identified variants from the CDx test, or are likely to have a high risk for the side effects or adverse reactions of the selected treatment.4
Frequency of metastasis to the gastrointestinal tract determined by endoscopy in a community-based gastroenterology practice
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Vishal Kaila, Rajeev Jain, Donna J. Lager, Pamela Jensen, Mark Feldman
The biopsies obtained at the time of endoscopy were fixed in formalin and processed routinely; hematoxylin/eosin–stained tissue sections were prepared. Slides were then examined and diagnoses rendered by board-certified pathologists from ProPath, who were located at Texas Digestive Disease Consultants, or by pathologists in the Department of Pathology at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas. Additional immunohistochemical stains were used to help establish the origin of the metastatic tumors. CDX2 is a highly sensitive and specific marker for adenocarcinomas of intestinal origin.6 Thyroid transcription factor-1, expressed in the epithelial cells of the thyroid gland and lung, was used to identify lung adenocarcinomas.7 Though both lung and breast adenocarcinomas can express estrogen receptor and HER2, other markers such as GATA3 were utilized to distinguish breast adenocarcinomas from other malignancies.8 A immunohistochemical profile that was positive for CK7 and negative for CK20 and CDX2 supported an ovarian origin of the metastasis.9 Prostate-specific antigen stains were used to classify prostate adenocarcinomas.10 PAX8 is frequently positive with metastatic tumors of renal origin.11 SOX10 and Mart 1 immunohistochemistry stains are helpful to confirm the diagnosis of melanoma.12
Proteogenomic biomarkers in colorectal cancers: clinical applications
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Margherita Binetti, Augusto Lauro, Samuele Vaccari, Maurizio Cervellera, Valeria Tonini
The biological, pathological, clinical, and prognostic differences between proximal (right-sided) and distal (left-sided) CRC localization have been clear for a long time [58]. But quite recently, due to the development of new research techniques, some genetic and molecular differences between the two groups have emerged [17]. The P53 mutations with microsatellite stability pathway (MSS) have been observed as more associated with left-sided cancer, while MSS phenotype with KRAS mutations has been reported more frequently in right-sided malignant neoplasia [59]. A molecular marker of deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) characterizes the proximal colonic cancer, leading to a higher risk related to the increased number of infiltrating lymphocytes [8]. Finally, the reduced CDX2 expression has been described in right-sided colonic cancers as well [3].
Adjuvant therapy for resected colon cancer 2017, including the IDEA analysis
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2018
Monica Tang, Timothy Jay Price, Jeremy Shapiro, Peter Gibbs, Daniel G. Haller, Dirk Arnold, Marc Peeters, Eva Segelov, Amitesh Roy, Niall Tebbutt, Nick Pavlakis, Chris Karapetis, Matthew Burge
Through using gene-expression arrays to search for candidate prognostic biomarkers for early colon cancer, loss of staining for transcription factor CDX2 was identified as a negative prognostic marker in Stage II and III colon cancer patients. CDX2-negative tumors were associated with lower 5-year DFS (41% vs 74%, p < 0.001) and have a HR for disease recurrence of 2.73 (95% 1.58–4.72, p < 0.001) compared to CDX2-positive tumors [71]. CDX2-negative Stage II tumors also seemed to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy; however these hypothesis-generating results do need to be confirmed. In the current era of personalized medicine, these biomarkers hold promise for developing adjuvant treatment strategies based on individual patient risk factors and require validation in prospective, randomized trials.