China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Dendritic Cells Control the Balance between Tolerance and Autoimmunity
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Simon W. F. Milling, G. Gordon MacPherson
The details of how CD4+ T cells are directed to differentiate into Th1 or Th2 cells are only beginning to be elucidated, and DCs appear to play a central role. In an interaction between T cells and mature CD11c+ DCs, the outcome depends on factors such as the pathogen involved, the microenvironment, and the particular DCs and T cells involved. It was initially demonstrated that CD8+ DCs would elicit Th1 and CD8- DCs a Th2-type response after being pulsed with antigen and injected into the footpad of syngeneic mice.39 In vivo studies such as this are difficult to interpret, however, as differential migration characteristics or longevity of different DC populations might alter the amount of antigen delivered to T cells and affect the results. In vitro, the effecter phenotype induced by mature myeloid DCs depends on the antigen dose, the method of DC purification, and the ratio of T cells to antigen presenting cells, but is only marginally affected by the DC subtype.40 In response to microbial stimuli known to induce IL-12 production, all subsets of CD11c+ DCs can support the development of Th1 cells, while IL-10-generating stimuli support the development of Th2 cells. Plasmacytoid DCs have also been shown to be able to support the proliferation of both Th1 and Th2 cells. In fact, higher doses of antigen tend to cause both plasmacytoid and CD11c+ DCs to favor the development of Th1 responses.41
Phagocytic cells and their functions
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
Gabriel Virella, John W. Sleasman
These cell adhesion molecules are common to the majority of leukocytes, but their individual density and frequency may vary in the two main groups of phagocytic cells. While CD11a and CD18 are expressed virtually by all monocytes and granulocytes, CD11b is more prevalent among granulocytes and CD11c is more frequent among monocytes.
Immunophenotypic Markers
Published in Wojciech Gorczyca, Atlas of Differential Diagnosis in Neoplastic Hematopathology, 2014
CD11c is a member of the superfamily of glycoproteins that mediate cell–cell and cell–matrix interaction and is expressed strongly on monocytes and tissue macrophages, and less strongly on granulocytes and some lymphocyte subsets. Bright expression of CD11c is typical for HCL and most cases of acute monoblastic leukemia. Other AMLs may express CD11c (dim to moderate or partial), but APL is CD11c−. The CD11c may be dimly to moderately positive in other hematologic malignancies including B-CLL, MZL, and HCL variant (HCL-V). CLL may be CD11c positive (expression has been reported in 4%–89% of cases) [56–58]. In contrast to CLL, MCLs are CD11c− (or only sporadically positive) [58]. Kraus et al. found CD11c expression in 27% of CLL and only in 2 of 44 cases of MCL. Other published data reported CD11c positivity in MCL in 5.4% [56,59–62]. NK cells and activated benign T cells (usually CD8+) are often CD11c. BPDCN is CD11c− [63].
Identification of mite-specific eosinophils in the colon of patients with ulcerative colitis
Published in Autoimmunity, 2022
Shu-Wang Peng, Jiang-Ming Sheng, Bai-Sui Feng, Ke-Ping Peng, Gui-Xiang Tian, Cheng-Bai Liang, Ming-Hui Liu, Hai-Qing Xie, Qing Shu, Yan Li, Ping-Chang Yang
The data show several types of immune cells in CLF, including eosinophils, CD11c/b+ cells, T cells and epithelial cells. A similar phenomenon can be found in the respiratory tract; broncho-alveolar lavage fluids (BALF) are samples commonly collected in asthma studies. Immune cells are also found in BALF [29]. With the cells isolated from CLF, we identified HDM-specific Eos and Th2 cells in the colon of UC patients. After exposure to HDM, these cells were activated with a sign of expressing high levels of CD63 (an activation marker) [11,30], and released Th2 cytokines and Eo-derived MBP and ECP. Eosinophils are one of the inflammatory cells in UC, the number and activities of eosinophils are in parallel to the UC disease status [31]. CD11c+ CD11b+ cells may include both DCs and macrophages, these cells required in adaptive immune response induction. Like BALF, we also detected lymphocytes in CLF. After exposure to HDM, Th2 cytokines were released to culture supernatant, the event verified the Th2 cell type, and could be specifically activated by HDM. Published data show that CD63 is induced on T cells upon activation [11]. Our data is consistent with previous studies in showing that CD4 T cells express high levels of CD63 in response to the HDM challenge in UC patients. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the specific immune response to HDM was developed in the colon of HDM-sensitive UC patients.
Therapeutic perspectives on the metabolism of lymphocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
CD11c+T-bet+ B cells, similar to mouse ABCs (age- and/or autoimmunity-associated B cells), activated naïve B cells (acNs), and (IgD−CD27−CD11c+T-bet+CXCR5−) DN2 closely related to the production of autoantibodies such as anti-ds-DNA/SM/RNP antibodies, disease activity, and renal disorders, are found in the peripheral blood of patients with SLE [101]. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of renal tissues from healthy subjects and patients with lupus nephritis revealed the aforementioned population of activated naïve B cells (CD11c+T-bet+ B cells), consistent with their association with renal disorders in the periphery [102]. However, the metabolic dynamics underlying the role of CD11c+T-bet+ B cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases remain unclear and require further investigation. Since the strength of activation of each subset of immune cells and their metabolic dynamics vary greatly depending on the specific autoimmune disease, it is important to elucidate the immune cell- and disease-specific metabolic changes. In addition, since intracellular metabolism is ubiquitous in various cells of the human body, it is necessary to understand its impact on normal physiological functions and the potential adverse events.
Carbon nanotubes promote alveolar macrophages toward M2 polarization mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Xiang Zhang, Min Luo, Jiaxiang Zhang, Zhuomeng Yao, Jiaojiao Zhu, Shuxin Yang, Qixing Zhu, Tong Shen
Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Hyclone (Logan, UT), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin (IL)-4 were from Peprotech (Rocky Hill, NJ), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-F4/80 (PE-F4/80, 123110), fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-CD11c (FITC-CD11c, 117306), and FITC-conjugated anti-CD206 (FITC-CD206, 141703) were purchased from Biolegend (San Diego, CA). Rat monoclonal anti-F4/80 (ab60343), rabbit polyclonal anti-CD206 (ab64693), rabbit polyclonal anti-IRF4 antibody (ab104803), rabbit monoclonal anti-IRF5 antibody (ab181553), mouse monoclonal anti-E-cad (ab76055), rabbit monoclonal anti-Vim (ab92547), rabbit monoclonal anti-α-SMA (ab32575), rabbit polyclonal anti-COL I (ab34710), mouse monoclonal anti-β-actin (ab20272) and TGF-β inhibitor LY364947 (ab141890) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). Rabbit monoclonal anti-CD11c (97585) was from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverley, MA). ELISA Kit was from Calvin Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Suzhou, China), Pierce Chromogenic Endotoxin Quant Kit (A39552S) was from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA), IgG was from Zhongshan Jinqiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Beijing, China).