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Cellular and Immunobiology
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Masood Moghul, Sarah McClelland, Prabhakar Rajan
Initiation of innate immunity begins with pattern recognition receptors:C-type lectin receptors: activated by sugars on yeast, bacterial, and fungal cell walls.Toll-like receptors: results in the activation of NFκβ, causing transcription of immune genes.NOD-like receptors: involved in intracellular pattern recognition (when the pathogen infiltrates host cells).Retinoid acid-inducible gene 1 like receptors: produces cytokine IFN-β.
Structure, Function, and Regulation of Pulmonary Surfactant Proteins
Published in Jacques R. Bourbon, Pulmonary Surfactant: Biochemical, Functional, Regulatory, and Clinical Concepts, 2019
Jeffrey A. Whitsett, Timothy E. Weaver
SP-A is a mammalian lectin.28 The carboxy-terminal domain of SP-A is closely related to other calcium-dependent “C-type” mammalian lectins, sharing significant structural features and some sequence relatedness with the serum mannose-binding protein. SP-A binds complex carbohydrates in a relatively nonselective manner and SP-A can be readily isolated by mannose-Sepharose chromatography. The interaction of SP-A with carbohydrate is calcium-dependent and SP-A is readily eluted from mannose-Sepharose columns by calcium chelators.28 There is a close structural relationship among a family of C-type lectins, particularly the conservation of the location of cysteine residues in the carboxy terminus of the proteins. The disulfide linkages in canine SP-A have been assigned as Cys138-Cys229 and Cys207-Cys221,109 similar to the structures of the serum mannose-binding proteins (see Figure 2). The lectin-like properties of SP-A support its potential role in interactions with cell surfaces, glycoproteins, or glycolipids and provides a strong inference that SP-A may have an important role in host defense.
Measles Virus
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Rory D. de Vries, Rik L. de Swart
In addition to cellular entry receptors, the two C-type lectins, DC-SIGN and Langerin, expressed on subsets of DC and LC, respectively, function as attachment receptors for MV.100,118 This means that MV is capable of binding these molecules to come into close proximity with DC and LC, however, CD150 is still required for fusion of the virion with the plasma membrane. DC-SIGN was shown to play a role in the transmission of MV from DC to T-lymphocytes, which can occur independent of DC infection.119 The function of Langerin in MV infection is still unclear, although it facilitates antigen presentation by LC to CD4+ T-lymphocytes.100 Interestingly, both C-type lectins also bind human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), and are thought to play an important role during primary infection with this virus.120–123 Whereas DC-SIGN enhances HIV-1 transmission, it was postulated that Langerin functions as an innate barrier to HIV-1.121
The bioinformatics analysis of the clinicopathological and prognostic significances of REG4 mRNA in gynecological cancers
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Cong-yu Zhang, Li Zhang, Zi-mo Wang, Dong-hui Ren, Hua-chuan Zheng
Lu et al. (2013) found that c-type lectins influence inflammatory/immune responses and contribute to immunological escape of infections and malignancies and REG4 belongs to c-type lectins. Wang et al. (2022) discovered that REG4 expression was elevated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and that its knockdown triggered innate immune activation and decreased tumour development in the Zebrafish xenograft model. Jin et al. (2017) demonstrated that REG4 increased gastric cancer’s resistance to 5-fluorouracil by stimulating the MAPK/Erk/Bim signalling pathway. Gao et al. (2021) found that REG4 immunopositivity might be used as a biomarker for radiochemotherapeutic sensitivity for colorectal cancer. Additionally, the inhibition of either immune surveillance or activation is closely linked to chemoresistance. In the current research, we discovered that REG4 mRNA expression was positively associated with the infiltration of DC cells in breast cancer, positively with Th17 cells, TFH, cytotoxic cells, and T cells in cervical and endometrial cancers, but negatively with the infiltration of DC, cytotoxic cells, and T cells in ovarian cancer. These results demonstrated that REG4’s potential role in immune surveillance and therapy, and tumour-associated immune responses to gynecological cancers. In ovarian cancer, the specific association between REG4 expression and the infiltration of immune cells should be further investigated in future work.
Interactions among the mycobiome, bacteriome, inflammation, and diet in people living with HIV
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
María José Gosalbes, Nuria Jimenéz-Hernandéz, Elena Moreno, Alejandro Artacho, Xavier Pons, Sonia Ruíz-Pérez, Beatriz Navia, Vicente Estrada, Mónica Manzano, Alba Talavera-Rodriguez, Nadia Madrid, Alejandro Vallejo, Laura Luna, José A. Pérez-Molina, Santiago Moreno, Sergio Serrano-Villar
For many years, understanding the multiple HIV-associated gut-associated lymphoid tissue defects has been pursued to define new strategies to reduce the long-term consequences of chronic inflammation.9,10 Interactions between the immune system and pathogenic fungi are known to occur via C-type lectin receptors (dectin-1) and caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9).11–13 However, the information on the role of the mycobiome in the development and modulation of the immune system remains scarce, and to our knowledge, no studies have characterized the changes in the intestinal mycobiome associated with HIV infection. This delay in our understanding of the mycobiome could be partly explained by the fact that, despite the advance in high-throughput sequencing techniques, the study of the fungal community is still subject to stubborn technical limitations. For example, the mycobiome greatly varies between individuals, may be because its composition depends on multiple factors, being diet the most important and barely considered in the previous literature, which hampers discerning whether the intestinal fungi detected are transient or commensal.
Evaluation of the relationship of lymphangiogenesis markers with disease pathogenesis in patients with Behçet’s uveitis
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Taner Özgürtaş, Çiğdem Yücel, Erdim Sertoğlu, Yıldız Hayran, Seda Çolak, Emre Tekgöz, Ahmet Omma, Ali Hakan Durukan
Lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) is highly enriched in LECs and LYVE-1 has been reported as a mediator of lymphangiogenesis induced by low-molecular weight hyaluronic acid. Recent evidence has indicated that (LYVE-1) levels are elevated in chronic inflammation and the lymphatic immune response [25]. Podoplanin (PDPN) is an O-sialoglycoprotein and is recognized as a selective marker of lymphatic vessel endothelium and it is not expressed in blood vessels and recent reports have shown that PDPN increases the migration of human fibroblasts and affects the structure of endothelial cells [26,27]. Besides these, C-type lectin receptors are also known to have roles in inflammation process and homeostasis. C-type lectin domain family 1 member B (CLEC2) has been shown to induce T cell activation [28]. In a recent study published in 2019, LYVE-1, PROX-1 and PDPN levels were evaluated in examination of intraocular lymphatic vessels in patients with uveal melanoma [29]. Although there are studies about VEGF-C and its receptors levels in various diseases, there is no study evaluating the levels of VEGF-C and its receptors in Behçet’s disease and patients with Behçet’s uveitis.