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Genetics of muscle mass and strength
Published in Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage, Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
Stephen M. Roth, Henning Wackerhage
At the end of this chapter, we will discuss the results of selective breeding and inbred mouse strain studies as a non-biased strategy to identify genes that affect muscle mass and/or strength. Apart from farmers and horse breeders, geneticists have performed selective breeding experiments to (a) identify the cumulative effect of selecting, in the ideal case, all DNA sequence variants within a population that affect muscle size and (b) identify these DNA sequence variants. Selection studies for body weight have also led to an accumulation of genetic variants or alleles that increase or decrease muscle mass, as muscle mass is related to body mass. For example, the gastrocnemius weight in males of the so-called DUH mouse strain that have high body mass is ≈247 mg, whilst the gastrocnemius weight of mice selected for small body weight reaches only ≈66 mg (25). Among the selected alleles, there might be some that affect the growth of all cells such as genetic variations in the growth hormone system and alleles that affect muscle mass specifically such as those in the myostatin-Smad pathway.
Green diet and public health
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
In view of the quickly evolving field of genetic engineering in food industry which gives rise to the complexity of product segmentations, the regulatory and labelling policy of GM food should be periodically reviewed and updated with reference to both new scientific findings and current opinions of different stakeholders. It is also recommended more research be conducted to explore how the design and content of GM food labels would affect the public perceptions. In addition, with the development of new breeding techniques and the worldwide discussions on new legislations of genome-edited products free of transgenes, extensive and holistic reviews of the existing regulatory contexts which incorporate multiple perspectives of public health should be considered in policy formulations as a priority.
Natural Variability of Essential Oil Components
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
The chemical heterogeneity of several wild-growing populations seems to be today one of the basic motivations for introduction of economically important wild species into the agriculture and selection of their stable varieties. Breeding is going on usually parallel with development of technological methods.
Endotoxin-induced cytokine, chemokine and white blood cell profiles of variable stress-responding sheep
Published in Stress, 2021
D. Naylor, A. Sharma, Z. Li, G. Monteith, B. A. Mallard, R. Bergeron, C. Baes, N. A. Karrow
Sustainable livestock production is a major theme in animal agriculture. The increasing demands on food production from a rapidly growing human population require that animals maintain high levels of production while minimizing strain on natural resources and maximizing health and welfare. Despite this, many livestock breeding programs have prioritized high production, but this results in tradeoffs with health and functional traits (Rauw et al., 1998) and results in animals that are more susceptible to stressors (Rauw, 2012). This breeding concept is incompatible with sustainable livestock initiatives. Consequently, breeding strategies are being adjusted to include a more balanced selection of production, conformation and functional traits to increase the resiliency of livestock (Mormède et al., 2011). The outcome of increased resiliency is to minimize the negative effects of stress by enhancing the ability of an animal to rapidly return to a pre-stress state (Berghof et al., 2018). Identifying and developing animals that are resilient to stressors will contribute to a more sustainable livestock production system.
Community engagement to control dengue and other vector-borne diseases in Alappuzha municipality, Kerala, India
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Retheesh Babu Gopalan, Bontha Veerraju Babu, Attayoor Purushothaman Sugunan, Anju Murali, Mohammed Shafi Ma, Rathinam Balasubramanian, Sairu Philip
The following general principles were discussed during community meetings and were implemented – (i) the primary target for intervention was vector control (both breeding reduction and anti-adult measures); (ii) based on the assessment of feasibility and anticipated effectiveness, each community decided on the risk reduction strategies that they adopted; (iii) the intervention measures were implemented through various committees constituted by the community members; (iv) the implementation committees collaborated with the local self-government, public health system, and the other relevant agencies (explored for public–private partnership); (v) the capacity of the community for implementing the intervention measures was strengthened and necessary training was imparted to suitable persons within the community; (vi) the optimum size of grass root level implementation household group was 35–60 households; (vii) the intervention activities in each household group were implemented by a group-level committee; (viii) a supervisory committee to supervise and review the activities of a cluster of two group-level committees was responsible for 70–120 households; (ix) each ward has about 750 households and therefore the number of clusters in each ward was six; and (x) finally, the overall supervision of all the activities in each ward was carried out by a steering committee. Figure 1 depicts various committees formed for the implementation of multiple activities for vector control.
Design, synthesis, in vitro inhibition and toxicological evaluation of human carbonic anhydrases I, II and IX inhibitors in 5-nitroimidazole series
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Ashok Aspatwar, Nanda Kumar Parvathaneni, Harlan Barker, Emilie Anduran, Claudiu T. Supuran, Ludwig Dubois, Philippe Lambin, Seppo Parkkila, Jean-Yves Winum
AB strains of wild-type adult zebrafish were maintained at 28.5 °C in an incubator15. For collecting embryos, 3–5 pairs of male and female fish were set up overnight for breeding22. The next morning, from the overnight breeding tanks 1–2-h post fertilisation (hpf) embryos were collected in a sieve and rinsed with embryonic medium [5.0 mM NaCl, 0.17 mM KCl, 0.33 mM CaCl2, 0.33 mM MgSO4, and 0.1% w/v Methylene Blue (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany)] and kept the collected embryos in an incubator at 28.5 °C overnight. The toxicity evaluation studies of the inhibitors were performed using the fish that were 24 hpf. All the zebrafish experiments were performed at the zebrafish core facility, Tampere University, Finland and according to the protocol used in our laboratory22.