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Optimal Nutrition for Women
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Kayli Anderson, Kaitlyn Pauly, Debra Shapiro, Vera Dubovoy
The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high especially in older adults. Vitamin D3 decreases mortality in older adults living independently or in institutional care.121 The optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is unknown, but a level of 30–40 ng/mL is considered normal range. Vitamin D is necessary for calcium, phosphate, and magnesium absorption and acts with vitamin K to stimulate bone mineralization. Vitamin D can be obtained through full-body direct sun exposure for 10–15 minutes for light skin, 20 minutes for darker skin, and 30 minutes for older adults without sunblock at appropriate latitude and season.121 If adequate sun exposure cannot be achieved, supplementation is recommended. The Endocrine Society recommends at least 600 IU of vitamin D per day for all women aged 19–50 years, and intakes as high as 1,500 to 2,000 IU per day may be necessary to raise blood levels to the appropriate amount if deficiency is present.122
Thyroid and parathyroid disease
Published in Catherine Nelson-Piercy, Handbook of Obstetric Medicine, 2020
The risk to the neonate is from tetany and hypocalcaemia, caused by the suppression of fetal PTH by high maternal calcium levels. Fetal calcitonin levels are high to encourage bone mineralization. Many cases of maternal hyperparathyroidism are diagnosed retrospectively following an episode of tetany or convulsions in the neonate.
Nutraceuticals for Bone Health in Pregnancy
Published in Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak, Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
The most outstanding calcium function is to build and fortify bones and teeth. When bone tissue first forms during the modeling or remodeling process, it is unhardened, protein-rich osteoid tissue. In the osteoblast-coordinated procedure of bone mineralization, calcium phosphates (salts) are deposited on the protein matrix. The calcium salts progressively crystallize into hydroxyapatite, which ordinarily makes up around 65% of bone tissue. At the point when your diet is calcium insufficient, the mineral content of bone declines making it fragile and feeble. Subsequently, increased calcium intake builds the mineralized substance of bone tissue. More prominent mineralized bone tissue compares to a more prominent BMD and to more prominent bone strength. The discrete arrangements of the calcium-rich hydroxyapatite crystals on bone tissue’s protein matrix contribute to most differing bone's mechanical properties. In tooth enamel, hydroxyapatite crystals are densely packed, making it the most mineralized tissue (greater than 95%) in the human body having incredible strength and sturdiness. The mineralized bone tissue in human teeth is so strong that back molars can withstand bite forces surpassing four hundred pounds pressure (Wang et al. 1999b).
Nonlinearity association of serum calcium with the risk of anaemia in US adults
Published in Hematology, 2023
Zeling Chen, Jing Xu, Ping Ye, Xiaoqin Xin
Calcium is an essential nutrient for the human body. In addition to affecting bone mineralization, calcium plays a role in a wide range of biological functions by regulating different cellular processes by signalling systems [13]. A study from Ethiopia found a statistically significant association between low calcium concentration in serum and low dietary calcium intake and preeclampsia [14]. A similar study indicated that calcium supplements may reduce the risk of preeclampsia and high blood pressure during pregnancy [15]. A large Chinese cohort study suggested that fracture risk was inversely associated with calcium intake in women. Higher dietary calcium intakes in women were associated with fewer vertebral fractures in people compared with lower normal calcium intakes [16]. A cross-sectional study among 4595 participants concluded that the relationship between serum calcium and lumbar bone density in men was a U-shaped curve [17]. T Mariko Doi et al. suggested that cord blood calcium level may be related to birth length and may affect foetal growth during pregnancy [18]. There is no clear significant association between calcium intake and liver fibrosis among adults in the United States [19]. A prospective study showed that lower baseline blood calcium levels were associated with an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a Chinese coronary heart disease cohort [20].
Risk factors for fractures following liver transplantation: a population-based cohort study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Jei-Wen Chang, Hui-Hsin Yang, Niang-Cheng Lin, Fang-Cheng Kuo, Tzu-Ching Lin, Hsin-Lin Tsai
Vitamin D is important for calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization. Chronic obstructive liver disease may interfere with vitamin D metabolism, leading to decreased uptake of vitamin D. In addition, cirrhosis has been shown to impair 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D, consequently resulting in significantly depressed levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [23]. Previous studies have reported that prophylactic bisphosphonate treatment is effective in preventing bone loss and fractures in liver transplant recipients [24,25]. In the present study, we found that the use of bone protective medications including bisphosphonates, vitamin D supplements and calcium supplements did not have a beneficial effect on decreasing the risk of fractures. However, we only analyzed prescribed calcium and vitamin D supplements, and we did not consider those that could have been bought over the counter or obtained via dietary intake.
Umbilical cord N-terminal procollagen of type l collagen (P1NP) and beta C-terminal telopeptide (βCTX) levels in term pregnancies with vitamin D deficiency
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Mefkure Eraslan Sahin, Erdem Sahin, Yusuf Madendag, Ilknur Col Madendag, Cigdem Karakukcu, Gokhan Acmaz
We can explain our results with the direct effect of vitamin D on bone mineralization. Indirect effects occur via control of calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestine and renal reabsorption of calcium [23]. In the current study, the same corrected maternal serum calcium levels suggest the direct effect of vitamin D rather than the indirect effect. 1.25(OH)D3 directly effects on osteoblasts by enhancing differentiation and mineralization, which was shown in vitro cultures using human osteoblasts [24–27]. Osteoblasts express the vitamin D receptor for making possible these effects [28]. Additionally, osteoblasts express vitamin D binding protein receptors cubulin and megalin and also express1-alfa-hydroxylase metabolizing 1.25(OH)D3 which stimulates differentiation and mineralization [29–31]. 25(OH)D3 directly affects osteoblasts both for controlling the production of extracellular matrix proteins (collagen type I, osteopontin, osteocalcin, matrix Gla protein) and for supplying phosphate for the deposition of mineral on the activity of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme [26].