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Glycine Cytoprotection and Inhibition of Nonlysosomal Calcium-Dependent Proteolysis During Anoxic Injury of Rat Hepatocytes
Published in John J. Lemasters, Constance Oliver, Cell Biology of Trauma, 2020
J. Christopher Nichols, Rolland C. Dickson, Steven F. Bronk, Gregory J. Gores
Plasma membrane blebbing is an early morphological feature of hypoxic hepatocellular injury.10,11 It has been proposed that blebbing occurs as result of disruption of cytoskeletal proteins that anchor the plasma membrane. To determine if glycine also inhibits hepatocellular membrane blebbing, cultured hepatocytes exposed to KCN were monitored by phase contrast microscopy.2 The addition of 2 mM glycine significantly delayed the development of hepatocellular plasma membrane blebbing. Indeed, glycine almost doubled the time to the half-maximal onset of blebbing (35 vs. 60 min). Glycine appears to delay the cytoskeletal protein disruption that may result in plasma membrane blebbing and eventual cell death.
Cell Biology of the Cytopathic Effect of Entamoeba Histolytica
Published in Roberto R. Kretschmer, Amebiasis: Infection and Disease by Entamoeba histolytica, 2020
Adolfo Martinez-Palomo, Arturo González-Robles, Bibiana Chavez
The MDCK monolayers, consisting of a single sheet of tightly adherent cells that form a continuous layer resembling an epithelial barrier,21 provide a suitable model which is destroyed in approximately 1 h when virulent axenic trophozoites and epithelial cells are incubated in a 1:1 ratio. Microcinematography revealed that prolonged contact between effector and target cells was not required for cytolysis to occur. In most instances, a hit-and-run effect was observed, in which, after maintaining contact for a few minutes with a given epithelial cell, an ameba usually moved on to another cell. With light microscopy the cytotoxic effect was not evident in target cells until several minutes after contact with an ameba. Cytolytic activity was the result of two types of interaction. The more common one initially involved the attachment and displacement of amebas over the epithelial cells. After contact with the trophozoites the first evident morphological modification of the MDCK cell was a widening of the intercellular spaces due to the gradual separation of adjacent cells. This was followed by the appearance of large blebs in the plasma membrane of otherwise apparently normal cells. Blebbing occurred later in many, but not all, of the neighboring cells. Subsequently, cells detached from the substrate individually or in groups.
Pathology of the Liver: Functional and Structural Alterations of Hepatocyte Organelles Induced by Cell Injury
Published in Robert G. Meeks, Steadman D. Harrison, Richard J. Bull, Hepatotoxicology, 2020
Louis Marzella, Benjamin F. Trump
Cellular swelling is accompanied by simplification of the plasma membrane contour with loss of cell surface specializations such as microvilli. Unattached cells also assume a more rounded shape. Some degree (5–10%) of elastic stretching of membranes also accounts for a small increase in cell volume (Li et al., 1986). Swelling is also accompanied by the formation of blisters (blebs) on the apical portion of the hepatocytes that borders upon the space of Disse. The formation of blebs is more prominent on the surface of hepatocytes and other cells in culture (Lemasters et al., 1987). In these conditions, blebbing is facilitated by the diminution of cell to cell attachments and can be readily induced by a variety of insults (Figure 7).
A Curious Case of Morphologically Deceptive Pediatric B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia with Granular “Blebbed” Blasts and DLBCL-Like Biopsy Findings
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Sunita Sharma, Kavita Gaur, Tatton Perme, Amrita Singh
B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a neoplasm of precursor lymphoid cells (lymphoblasts), confined to the B-cell lineage. It primarily occurs in children and has a good prognosis, whereas in adults it typically pursues and aggressive course. From a morphological perspective, the blasts in B-ALL are variable in appearance, some being, small sized displaying condensed chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli with scant basophilic agranular cytoplasm. Other cells may have larger size, fine chromatin, few prominent nucleoli and moderate basophilic, agranular cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic blebbing in the blasts of ALL is an unusual morphological feature. Blebbing is known to occur in cases of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with few reports described in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia [1, 2]. In cases of B-ALL such morphology has been described only recently in only two reports [3, 4].
Curcumin induces DNA damage by mediating homologous recombination mechanism in triple negative breast cancer
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Gamze Guney Eskiler, Elvan Sahin, Asuman Deveci Ozkan, Ozlem Tugce Cilingir Kaya, Suleyman Kaleli
The ultrastructural changes of TNBC and HUVEC cells were examined by using TEM. Morphology of both TNBC cells became more rounded after exposure to curcumin compared with control group. Additionally, HCC1937 cells exhibited multiple irregularly-shaped cytoplasmic vacuoles, pyknotic and indented nuclei and degeneration of organelles, whereas lumpy chromatin condensation without nuclear fragmentation was observed in MDA-MB-231 cells following curcumin treatment. Plasma membrane disruption and apoptotic blebbing were not observed. Thus, the ultrastructural effects of curcumin on TNBC cells were different in each cell line. Furthermore, curcumin could lead to more round in shape, the condensation of the chromatin and the formation of some vacuoles in HUVEC cells due to curcumin toxicity.
Engineering mesenchymal stem cells to improve their exosome efficacy and yield for cell-free therapy
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2018
Jennifer Phan, Priyadarsini Kumar, Dake Hao, Kewa Gao, Diana Farmer, Aijun Wang
EVs were thought to function solely as the “dumpster” of cells, a way to dispose of unwanted proteins and other molecules, but they have now emerged as one of the significant mediators in cell–cell communication for many processes such as immune response, angiogenesis, proliferation and differentiation [5,6,8,18–21]. There are three widely known EVs: apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes. The apoptotic bodies can be the largest, with their diameters ranging from 800 to 5000 nm, while microvesicles are smaller, between 50 and 1000 nm. Both of these EVs have similar biogenesis as they bleb from the cell plasma membrane. The difference is that the apoptotic bodies bleb from apoptotic cells while the microvesicles bleb from living cells. The blebbing of the apoptotic bodies occur indiscriminately from the apoptotic cells and can contain fragmented nuclei, proteins, DNA, miRNA to name a few. The blebbing of the microvesicles follow an orderly pattern: trafficking of cellular molecules to the plasma membrane that result in protrusion of the cell’s surface, budding then detaching from the membrane. Exosomes are the smallest, with sizes falling between 30 and 150 nm, and are generated within the cells through the endolysosomal pathway (Figure 1).