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Sponge Enzyme's Role in Biomineralization and Human Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Moin Merchant, Maushmi S. Kumar
The majority of biomineralization occurs in soft tissues, near to cells, allowing cells and minerals to interact and utilize one another. Temperature, pH, and organics are the three main parameters that control the biomineralization process, and specifically in sponges, it is brought about by silicatein and CA enzymes. Biomineralization provides excellent support for synthesizing various nanomaterials to protect drugs/cells/viruses from physiological clearance during transportation to the target tumor/cancer, and improves the nanomaterial’s thermal, magnetic, and optical properties for better real-time imaging diagnosis and treatment of diseases. A recent paradigm shift demonstrating that not only organic but also inorganic polymers are generated enzymatically in at least some biological systems opens up new avenues for biotechnology in general and new human medicinal interventions in particular. We believe that biosilica and biocalcite will play a significant role in future regenerative medicine.
Nanotechnology and Delivery System for Bioactive Antibiofilm Dental Materials
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Jin Xiao, Yuan Liu, Marlise I. Klein, Anna Nikikova, Yanfang Ren
Although employed widely in the remineralization of carious dentin, such an ion-based strategy cannot be effective in locations where the crystallites are totally destroyed (Frencken et al. 2012). Another promising class of mineralization materials is the biomineralization agents. Inspired from the function of noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) in the biomineralization process of natural teeth, using biomimetic templates to remineralize the demineralized dentin is of great interest in the recent years as NCPs, the natural nucleation templates, lose their abilities to induce in situ remineralization in the mature dentin (Chen, Liang et al. 2013). Poly(amino amine) (PAMAM)-type dendrimer is widely studied in dental biomineralization. It is a class of monodispersed polymeric nanomaterials with plenty of branches radiating from one central core and highly ordered architecture. It has been referred to as “artificial protein” due to its biomimetic properties and well-defined/easily tailored structure, such as its functional group, generation, and spatial structure. Previous studies have clearly demonstrated that PAMAM and its derivatives could induce biomineralization of demineralized dentin (Chen, Liang et al. 2013, Wu et al. 2013). PAMAM combined with antibacterial agents also obtained double effects of mineralization, and antibacterial and needlelike crystals can precipitate both on the dentin surface and in the dentinal tubules (Lei Cheng et al. 2016).
Evaluation of PCL/Chitosan/Nanohydroxyapatite/Tetracycline Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Published in Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon, Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Rashid Bin Mad Jin, Naznin Sultana, Chin Fhong Soon, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
The osteogenic potential of the composites can be evaluated by submerging the scaffolds in simulated body fluid (SBF) to form the apatite layer (Marc and Jacques 2009). This method has become the “gold standard” to ascertain whether materials are bioactive or not since the invention of SBF by Kokubo et al. in 2003 (Wu et al. 2014). The ion concentration of SBF is the same as in human blood plasma, which is suitable for the in vitro study of the biomineralization of scaffolds. Bioactivity of the scaffolds is said to be a performance indicator for the biomaterial for biomineralization in an in vitro and in vivo study. Biomineralization is a process for the deposition or growth of bone-minerals, like crystals such as hydroxyapatite, apatite and CaP compounds on the scaffolds. In the matrix of organisms, biomineralization induces the formation of the bone mineral-like skeletal structure during development (Wu et al. 2014).
Vascular calcification on the risk of kidney stone: a meta-analysis
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Linxi Huang, Junjie Hu, Cheng Xue, Jiarong Ding, Zhiyong Guo, Bing Yu
Calcium phosphate deposition, mainly in the form of hydroxyapatite, is the hallmark of vascular calcification, which also constitutes the second largest composition of kidney stones [43,44]. Oxalate burden, which contributes to calcium oxalate stone formation, is also regarded as an important role in vascular calcification [45]. The kidney stone plaque is similar with plaques formed during vascular calcification, both of which consisted of crystals mixed with organic matrix [46]. As more researches have pointed out the shared pathophysiologic pathways in forming calcium kidney stones and vascular calcification, the conception that both diseases are forms of pathological biomineralization or ectopic calcification is becoming generally accepted [47]. Despite the efforts in exploration of potent mechanisms in kidney stone and vascular calcification, there are still a lot remained revealing. Our work strengthened the connection behind the two diseaseas, and patients with vascular calcification are worthy of more caution for their risk of kidney stone and renal injury.
Facile green synthesis of bismuth sulfide radiosensitizer via biomineralization of albumin natural molecule for chemoradiation therapy aim
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Hamed Nosrati, Fatemeh Abhari, Jalil Charmi, Mohammad Rahmati, Behrooz Johari, Sedigheh Azizi, Hamed Rezaeejam, Hossein Danafar
In conclusion, a biodegradable and stealthy nanostructure has been successfully developed through BSA-mediated biomineralization method for drug delivery in living cell. In the present synthetic method, BSA has two practical roles. The BSA not only worked as a stabilizer but also as a sulfur precursor for forming Bi2S3 HNPs with excellent colloidal stability. Also, Bi2S3@BSA@CUR HNPs exhibited attractive controlled release ability for CUR. This Bi2S3@BSA@CUR HNPs represents an essential approach for efficiently cancer therapy. In vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed to compare anti-tumour effects of Bi2S3@BSA@CUR HNPs and free CUR with and without of irradiation. The result of this study proved that Bi2S3@BSA@CUR with the aid of X-Ray irradiation increased therapeutic efficacy and can be used as a proficient vehicle for effective delivery of CUR in treatment of cancer. Compared to control group the presence of both X-ray irradiation and Bi2S3@BSA@CUR HNPs showed 40%, 47% and 57% increased of cytotoxicity towards HT-29 cells at 25 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml concentration, respectively.
Biomedical potential of clay nanotube formulations and their toxicity assessment
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Ana Cláudia Santos, Irina Pereira, Salette Reis, Francisco Veiga, Mahdi Saleh, Yuri Lvov
Loading bioactive compounds into the nanotube lumen enables the design of bioactive matrices, membranes, or pour-powders that release antibacterial drugs promoting faster wound-healing precluding infections. Similarly, the inclusion of prophylactic antibiotic-loaded HNTs in bone cement demonstrated clinical application for orthopedic replacement surgeries. The use of HNTs for the immobilization of enzymes associated with the bone biomineralization process is a major breakthrough in bone repair. In dentistry, incorporation of HNTs in resins exhibits applications in restorative dental caries and endodontics treatments. Hair coating with HNTs was used for the treatment of human and veterinary hair pathologies, such as parasitic infestations. Applying HNTs into polymeric matrices, gels, creams, sprays, dental resins, bone implants, hair treatments by self-assembly, tissue scaffolds, and electrospun nano/microfibers, enables the development of several pharmaceutical dosage forms. HNTs are also a ‘ready-to-use’ excipient material for oral tablets, as well as a filler for gels.