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Manufacturing and standardizing allergen extracts in Europe
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Jørgen Nedergaard Larsen, Christian Gauguin Houghton, Manuel Lombardero Vega, Hendrik Nolte, Henning Løwenstein
Skin testing in humans is the principle underlying the establishment of biological units of allergen extract potency. Several units are used. In Europe, the potency unit is based on the dose of allergen that results in a wheal comparable in size to the wheal produced by a given concentration of histamine. This unit was originally called histamine equivalent prick (HEP). The Nordic Guidelines introduced the biological unit (BU) [5]. One thousand BU is the equivalent of 1 HEP.
Static Magnetic Fields “SMF”
Published in Bertil R. R. Persson, Freddy Ståhlberg, Health and Safety of Clinical NMR Examinations, 2019
Bertil R. R. Persson, Freddy Ståhlberg
Growth retardation in magnetic fields has been observed in many cells, tissues, and organisms. Some representative data on biomagnetic effects on growth of normal cells are reported by several investigators and are given in Table 1.2,3,42,49,54,62,64,75,81,93,94,107,110 The results of these experiments can be summarized in some general statements.61Strong magnets affect regulatory functions of an organism and may trigger defense actions in the organisms.The effects of lower magnetic fields are most likely to accumulate on the cellular level.There exists a threshold for a given effect and for a given biological unit which may vary with the general condition of the unit.Biomagnetic effects may increase with the field intensity above the threshold, up to a certain point.Certain effects have built-in delay times and other effects persist long after field exposure.1,2
Manufacturing and Standardizing Allergen Extracts in Europe
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2014
Jørgen Nedergaard Larsen, Christian Gauguin Houghton, Manuel Lombardero Vega, Henning Løwenstein
The first international initiative on allergen standardization was based on the Danish Allergen Standardization 1976 program [4], which was published as part of the Nordic Guidelines in 1989 [5]. The Nordic Guidelines established the first regulatory requirements for allergen extracts. The guideline introduced the biological unit (BU), based on skin testing, for potency measures. Each manufacturer was instructed to produce an in-house reference preparation (IHRP), adjust the potency of BU, and use the IHRP for batch-to-batch control using scientifically based laboratory testing. The significance of using the major allergen content for the biological activity, recognized in the early 1990s, was established in the WHO Position Paper [6]. Current regulations and requirements for authorization are described in the Monograph on Allergen Products [7] of the European Pharmacopoeia and in the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) Guideline on Allergen Products [8]; an overview of current regulatory documents can be found in Ref. 9. This chapter describes important issues in the control of source materials and in the preparation of extracts as part of the standardization process the way it is performed in Europe. The procedures differ from those used in the United States, as does the selection of extracts for vaccination in common allergy practice (see Chapter 20).
Proteomics and plant biology: contributions to date and a look towards the next decade
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
A good definition should be the starting point of a scientific review, as I learnt from my Professors and Mentors, and recommend to my students. So, let us start this chapter by defining ‘Proteomics’. Proteomics can be defined as being the scientific discipline or methodology whose object of study or research is the proteome, understood as the total set of protein species or proteoforms (Through the manuscript, the term proteins, as synonymous of genes, and protein species or proteoforms, as the different products of a specific gene due to posttranscriptional and posttranslational events [alternative splicing, frame reading, PTMs], will be used.) present in a biological unit (subcellular fraction, cell, tissue, organ, individual, ecosystem, or derived in vitro total or purified extracts), at a time point of the developmental stages, and under specific environmental conditions. It can also refer to a structural or functional group of proteins (proteases, phosphoproteome, membrane proteins, etc.). In the broadest sense, proteomics techniques include not only those based on mass spectrometry, as the core platform, but also those of structural biochemistry (X-ray diffraction, cryoelectron microscopy, NMR), antibody-based, Edman sequencing, the two-hybrid yeast system, and even those of wide genomics approaches. However, MS-based platforms are those discussed in this review. Some scientists claim that other MS alternatives do exist and that they should be exploited, presenting, among other characteristics, higher sensitivity [3].
Analyzing clustered count data with a cluster-specific random effect zero-inflated Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2018
Hyoyoung Choo-Wosoba, Somnath Datta
Out of 39,656 genes, the gene ID, ‘GRMZM2G327208’ is selected to represent the case of v>1. This gene ID consists of 64 observations including 44 zeros, 9 ones, 8 twos, 1 threes, and 2 fours. A joint model is applied to analyze the data with a ZICMP framework including an random intercept accounting for correlations within each root. Since the total numbers of read counts over genes are different among biological units (in this case, individual replicate for each root), the model needs to be adjusted for normalizing the data by adding an offset term into the link function of the count part. The offset term is calculated by summing all read counts for each biological unit. Thus, our adjusted count part link function becomes
Calanus oil attenuates isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by regulating myocardial remodeling and oxidative stress
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Shrook Y. Abdellatif, Nagui H. Fares, Samar H. Elsharkawy, Yomna I. Mahmoud
Twenty-eight pathogen-free male albino mice (Mus musculus) of CD1 strain, 8 to 10-week-old, weighing 20–25 g, were obtained from the Biological Unit of Theodore Bilharz Institute (Giza, Egypt). Mice were acclimatized to laboratory conditions for a week before starting the experiments. A temperature of 25°C and 12 h light/dark cycle were maintained. The animals had free access to water and standard chow pellets. All animal experiments comply with the US National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of Laboratory animals (NIH Publications No. 85–23, revised 1996), and the experimental protocol was approved by Research Committee of Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University (September 2021, Protocol #1).