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Exercise testing in females
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume II – Exercise and Clinical Testing, 2022
Kirsty M. Hicks, Anthony C. Hackney, Michael Dooley, Georgie Bruinvels
Practitioners often pay close attention to the effect of circadian, diurnal and ultra-dian rhythms on exercise and health in athletes. However, in female athletes, the menstrual cycle, which is an infradian rhythm, is sometimes overlooked. The menstrual cycle is an essential biological rhythm during which ovarian sex hormones, specifically oestrogen and progesterone, fluctuate. These hormones exert biological effects on several body systems, including the reproductive, immune, cardiovascular, neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems (e.g., Enns and Tiidus, 2010; Ansdell et al., 2019). Consequently, the cyclical pattern of changes in hormonal concentrations can result in a plethora of systemic physiological-psychological alterations, which can affect exercise responses. Despite these potential effects, most practitioners do not consider the influence of the menstrual cycle. Therefore, this chapter presents a systematic framework for working with female athletes, by providing insight into the implementation and interpretation of screening and monitoring tools (Figure 5.10.1). Screening tools, including questionnaires and/or interviews, are designed to obtain medical and family history, and identify any pre-existing conditions and risks which might precede medical conditions. Monitoring, conversely, is a systematic, continuous process of data to detect changes from the individual’s ‘baseline’. collecting and analysing
Testing the female athlete
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
Kirsty M. Hicks, Anthony C. Hackney, Michael Dooley, Georgie Bruinvels
Practitioners often pay close attention to the effect of circadian, diurnal and ultra-dian rhythms on exercise and health in athletes. However, in female athletes, the menstrual cycle, which is an infradian rhythm, is sometimes overlooked. The menstrual cycle is an essential biological rhythm during which ovarian sex hormones, specifically oestrogen and progesterone, fluctuate. These hormones exert biological effects on several body systems, including the reproductive, immune, cardiovascular, neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems (e.g., Enns and Tiidus, 2010; Ansdell et al., 2019). Consequently, the cyclical pattern of changes in hormonal concentrations can result in a plethora of systemic physiological and psychological alterations, which can affect exercise responses. Despite these potential effects, most practitioners do not consider the influence of the menstrual cycle. Therefore, this chapter presents a systematic framework for working with female athletes by providing insight into the implementation and interpretation of screening and monitoring tools (Figure 13.3.1). Screening tools, including questionnaires and/or interviews, are designed to obtain medical and family history and identify any preexisting conditions and risks which might precede medical conditions, whereas monitoring is a systematic, continuous process of collecting and analysing data to detect changes from the individual’s ‘baseline’.
Freeruns
Published in Sue Binkley, Biological Clocks, 2020
The key observation that is the basis of the field of biological rhythm is that rhythms observed in nature continue in the laboratory under experimental constant conditions (unchanging temperature, lights always off). This persistence is evidence for a biological clock.
Impaired biological rhythm in men with methamphetamine use disorder: the relationship with sleep quality and depression
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2023
Biological rhythm provides the organism’s adaptation to the physical environment and internal temporal organization. In humans, body temperature, sleep-wake cycle, hormone levels, some cognitive functions have a daily rhythm called circadian rhythm. Delays, progression or disruptions occurring in the circadian rhythm are associated with psychiatric diseases (Huang et al., 2010; Selvi et al., 2011a). Previous data from chronobiological studies have shown that chronic drug consumption negatively affects circadian rhythmic expression (Herzog, 2007). Chronic consumption of psychoactive substances negatively affects the expression of circadian rhythmicity. A time delay and reduced amplitude occur at the maximum values of the circadian rhythm functions of substance users. In addition, synchronization disorders occur between the central nervous system and peripheral organs (Wang et al., 2006). Sometimes, disruption of sleep-wake balance and complete loss of circadian rhythm can be observed in advanced substance use disorder (Barnard et al., 2008).
Self-perceived rhythmicity in affective and cognitive functions is related to psychiatric symptoms in adolescents
Published in Chronobiology International, 2023
Ana Paula Francisco, Andre Comiran Tonon, Guilherme Rodriguez Amando, Maria Paz Hidalgo
Most living organisms have developed an endogenous temporal system regulated by external clues (e.g., light, meals, social time, exercise) and internal mechanisms (e.g., clock genes and hormone secretion) (Kronfeld-Schor and Einat 2012; Panda et al. 2002; Reppert and Weaver 2002; Roenneberg et al. 2007). There is a considerable body of emerging evidence indicating that biological rhythm disruptions are involved as both cause and symptom in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as depression (Duarte Faria et al. 2015; Dueck et al. 2017; Melo et al. 2017; Nguyen et al. 2019; Schnell et al. 2014). Most studies conducted so far have investigated adult samples. However, there are studies in adolescents showing that biological rhythms are different in depressed and healthy controls (Tonon et al. 2022). For example, one study indicated that depressed teenage boys were more prone to eveningness than healthy controls, with a greater shift toward later-timed phases during weekends. However, male teenagers experienced earlier phases, particularly on school days, and lower activity levels, particularly on weekends (Merikanto et al. 2017). Although there is much evidence showing the relationship between circadian disruption and mood disorders, there is still a lack of knowledge about the rhythmicity of depression symptoms, such as sadness and irritability. This information gap is even larger with regard to adolescents.
Development and validation of the self-rating of biological rhythm disorder for Chinese adolescents
Published in Chronobiology International, 2022
Yang Xie, Xiaoyan Wu, Shuman Tao, Yuhui Wan, Fangbiao Tao
Rhythm is fundamental to all aspects of life. Biological rhythms refer to all life activities that change in a certain time sequence. Biological rhythms of humans are generated by biological clocks. Circadian rhythms are one type of biological rhythm. This manages the human body’s produce activities such as temperature and hormone regulation, the sleep/wake cycle, periodic feeding, and social and other advanced life activities (Copertaro and Bracci 2019). Brain function and mental activity in the human body fluctuate in a daily rhythm (Logan and Mcclung 2019). Hall, Rosbash, and Young were awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for clarifying the circadian rhythm mechanisms, thus opening new territory in the search causes of diseases (Burki 2017). Thus far, a substantial body of research has demonstrated that biological rhythm disorder can lead to the occurrence of a variety of diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, low immune function, and insomnia (Badar 2018; Bahk et al. 2014; Simonneaux and Bahougne 2015). Biological rhythm is associated not only with diseases but also with a variety of health risk behaviours. Previous research has shown that circadian rhythm disorder increases drug and alcohol use and other risk-taking behaviours in adolescents (Hasler et al. 2015). The phenomenon of circadian rhythm disorder in adolescents is common and significantly increasing, and it has become an important issue affecting the physical and mental health of adolescents (Touitou et al. 2016).