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Ameliorating Insulin Signalling Pathway by Phytotherapy
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
The herb has been used extensively to treat disorders of the kidneys, urinary tract and gastrointestinal tract. Anti-diabetic effects of aqueous extract and its safety were observed on alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The plant extract was administered orally at doses of 25 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight. Toxicity was determined at a dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight. The results indicated that the plant extracts exhibited insulin-mimetic anti-diabetic activity. Evaluation for toxicity had shown that a dose of 1000 mg/kg b. w. preserved the integrity of liver, kidney and lipid profiles for biochemical markers. In conclusion, this study confirmed that extract at the dose of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weights possess anti-diabetic activity. It is also safe while using a dose of 1000 mg/kg b. w. (Mukundi et al. 2017).
Interleukins and Metalloproteinases in Arthritis
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Monoclonal Antibodies, Cytokines, and Arthritis, 2020
Inhibiting cellular stimulants like IL-1 or TNF or inhibiting their functions may also prove to be interesting approaches to control the progression of arthritis. These monokines induce many of the classic signs of inflammation and also stimulates catabolic processes in bone and cartilage, and this has focused attention on approaches to down-regulate IL-1 production or inhibit its activity (37). These agents may tilt cellular events toward catabolic mechanisms and maintain or accelerate the arthritic process. The control of these factors may indirectly decrease the release of degradative proteinases and inhibit the sequelae of events just described. Several of these monokines appear to have overlapping functions and many types of cells release similar factors, suggesting that the inhibition of cartilage matrix-degrading metalloproteinases may represent a more direct approach (see Table 13). However, a better understanding of the mechanism by which IL-1 (or TNF) stimulates the production of such proteinases may also provide a novel therapeutic approach to chronic inflammatory joint disease. Increasing or stimulating the anabolic processes would increase matrix synthesis and achieve a biochemical state in which anabolism exceeds catabolism and cartilage loss is reduced.
Features of Lipid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus and Ischemic Heart Disease
Published in E.I. Sokolov, Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus, 2020
Under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis proceeds with the participation of a large number of enzymes. The glucose decomposes into pyruvic acid. The following are the basic biochemical stages of glycolysis:
Glucose metabolism inhibitor PFK-015 combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor is an effective treatment regimen in cancer
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Jia Bo Zheng, Chau Wei Wong, Jia Liu, Xiao-Jing Luo, Wei-Yi Zhou, Yan-Xing Chen, Hui-Yan Luo, Zhao-Lei Zeng, Chao Ren, Xiao-Ming Xie, De-Shen Wang
Glycolysis is an essential enzymatic process in human cell metabolism. It participates in the production of substrates required in multiple biochemical pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, and fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis. In normal human cells, anaerobic reactions predominate in the metabolism under reduced oxygen conditions; however, in 1972, Otto Warburg reported an essential role of glycolysis in cancer cells regardless of oxygen concentration in the tumor microenvironment1. This reprogramming of cancer cell metabolism is not only responsible for the aggressiveness of cancer growth but may also decrease reactive oxygen species production and accumulation, and increase the abundance of key metabolites required for rapid cell growth and proliferation.2,3
Investigation of the Gastroprotective Effect of Betaine-Homocysteine Homeostasis on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Ethanol-Induced Ulcer Model
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Ayşe Çakır Gündoğdu, Fatih Kar, Cansu Özbayer
Blood samples (approximately 10 ml) collected into red-capped tubes without anticoagulant reagents were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes (MR 22, Jouan SA, France) and placed into 2 ml Eppendorf tubes for routine biochemical tests and ELISA assays. The Eppendorf tubes were stored at −80 °C for further analysis. The following tests were used to determine routine biochemical functions, respectively. Na+ and K+ levels were measured for electrolyte and membrane structure. To determine any kidney damage, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Crea) levels were measured. Aspartate transaminase (AST) and ALT parameters were evaluated for the hepatocellular function of the animals. Triglyceride (TG), Cholesterol (Chol), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and Albumin (Alb) levels in serum were measured using Roche COBAS C501 auto-analyzer with manufacturer’s kit protocols (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany).
Metabolomics in antimicrobial drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
The term ‘metabolome’ was first introduced in 1998 to explicate that microbial cells have to vary metabolite concentrations in order to maintain constant metabolic fluxes [1]. The aim of metabolomic analysis is to determine the complete profile of metabolites present in a biological system, with a time and spatially defined metabolite abundance. The biological systems could be cells, biofluids, tissues, organisms, and even ecosystems, while metabolites are usually small molecules with a molecular weight <1500 Da [2,3]. Unlike other omics approaches such as genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, which are generally gene-centric and thus can be reasonably well integrated within a genomic context, the metabolome represents the complex and nonlinear products, which results from differential regulation at the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic levels and which, in addition, are confounded by epigenetic and post-translational modifiers, redundant connections between metabolites, and a variety of environmental factors. Thus, the products of biochemical reactions in the form of metabolites are much more complex and also could be below the limits of our current analytical techniques. In this respect, the development of integrated metabolism-centric databases and software is a crucial prerequisite for the efficient use of metabolomics approach by researchers [4].