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Role of Nutrition and Diet Therapy in Boosting Immunity
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Idli is prepared by a batter of Vigna mungo and rice by cooking it on steam (Agarwal & Bhasin, 2002). It is a fermented white-coloured round, spongy and small edible product. Using pulses with rice is compulsory for enhancing the microflora required for effective fermentation. Vigna mungo L is naturally the chief constituent with microflora fermentation ability and works as the fermentation substrate for the batter. Buttermilk or yoghurt is also used as a microorganisms source (Radhakrishnamurty et al., 1961). Vigna mungo (black gram) and rice are utilised in the proportion of 1:2 during batter preparation. Idli batter fermentation improves protein efficiency and nutritional values (Reddy et al., 1982). The chief microbes included in the leavening method of idli are heterofermentative Lactobacillus mesenteroides and lactic acid bacteria, while the acidity of the mixture is controlled by homofermentative Streptococcus faecalis (Mukherjee et al., 1965). Moreover, probiotic microbes such as Lactobacillus lactis and Lactobacillus plantarum are also established in the batter of idli. These microbes can synthesise beta-glucosidase enzyme and vitamin B12, which promotes health and increases the activity of probiotics (Iyer et al., 2013) (Figure 2.12).
Malassezia
Published in Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro, Pocket Guide to Mycological Diagnosis, 2019
Reginaldo Gonçalves de Lima-Neto, Danielle Patrícia Cerqueira Macêdo, Ana Maria Rabelo de Carvalho, Carolina Maria da Silva, Rejane Pereira Neves
Phenotypical characterization of Malassezia is a difficult task, since many species share nutritional requirements and morphological traits (Table 6.2). Currently, 16 Malassezia species are known, of which M. pachydermatis is the only lipophilic but non-lipid-dependent one. Thus, conventional tests like Tween-based culture or evaluation of beta-glucosidase activity and growth with Cremophor EL may not be suitable to differentiate them, besides being time-consuming.
Pharmacological actions of chemical constituents
Published in C. P. Khare, Evidence-based Ayurveda, 2019
Addition of 10% apricot kernels to the diet of rats for 18 weeks showed only moderate toxic effects. Amygdalin, given orally to humans, at 500 mg three times a day produced no toxic effects and only moderately raised blood cyanide levels. However, co-administration of beta-glucosidase with amygdalin to rats substantially increased its toxicity. However, amygdalin did not prove to be an effective anticancer agent either in animals or in humans, presumably because the beta-glucosidase activity of cancer cells is quite low.
Dual enzyme therapy improves adherence to chemotherapy in a patient with gaucher disease and Ewing sarcoma
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2023
Brandon Lucari, Eran Tallis, Vernon Reid Sutton, Timothy Porea
After completion of cycle 2 chemotherapy she experienced prolonged thrombocytopenia significantly delaying subsequent cycles. On average her chemotherapy cycles were occurring every 30 days. In comparison data from COG demonstrated an average of 17.29 days with a standard deviation of 5.40 days between cycles (see Figure 1).9 Prior to her third cycle, her course was complicated by hospitalization for febrile neutropenia with severe bilateral hip pain radiating to lower extremities. During this hospitalization, she was found to have mild hepatomegaly (18.5 cm in craniocaudal dimension) and splenomegaly (15.6 × 6.4 cm) on abdominal ultrasound. Of note, during ES staging imaging with CT Chest and PET/CT no organomegaly was noted. Her baseline platelet count prior to therapy was significant for a mild thrombocytopenia of 104,000/μL. Bone marrow biopsy pathology revealed sheets of large histiocytes initially diagnosed as pseudo-Gaucher cells. Given her prolonged cytopenia, organomegaly, and bilateral hip pain there was a suspicion for underlying type 1 GD. A screening leukocyte beta glucosidase enzyme level was obtained and found to be low at 1.5 nmol/hr/mg protein (normal >8.7). Her bone marrow was addended to be consistent with Gaucher cells.
Fabry disease – a multisystemic disease with gastrointestinal manifestations
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Regarding the current literature, orally delivered AGAL might influence GI symptoms in patients with FD by a combination of several factors. First, orally delivered AGAL supports a proper digestion of nutrition. Second, a potential depletion of intestinal (lyso)-Gb3 might result in an amelioration of proinflammatory status and less dysbiosis. Third, if orally delivered AGAL is absorbed within the gut, this might lead to a depletion of Gb3 in, i.e. endothelial cells and neurons. In this respect, it is suggested that within the intestine AGAL digests and breaks down complex galacto-oligosaccharides (such as raffinose, stachyose, or verbascose), a process that probably reduces bowel symptoms including abdominal bloating and diarrhea by decreasing the colonic fermentation and thus gas production.65 In a recent case study, it was further demonstrated that daily oral substitution with oral AGAL can significantly decrease GI symptoms (diarrhea and abdominal pain) in FD patients.54 It is conceivable that the observed effects in this study are mainly due to an improved digestion of the food by the contained AGAL and beta-glucosidase. Hence, many GI symptoms in patients with FD might be due to the lack of a proper galacto-oligosaccharide digestion within the intestine due to absent or reduced AGAL activity, potentially leading also to an overgrown intestinal flora.13 Future studies are now warranted to confirm the effect of orally delivered AGAL on GI symptoms and gut microbiota in FD patients.
Development of the gut microbiota in healthy children in the first ten years of life: associations with internalizing and externalizing behavior
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Yangwenshan Ou, Clara Belzer, Hauke Smidt, Carolina de Weerth
To describe the potential functional differences between bacterial clusters, we exploratorily applied the Picrust2 (phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states) method,47,48 based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data. In total, 2651 KEGG orthologs and 288 MetaCyc pathways were obtained over the study period. In infancy, 14 KEGG orthologs with average relative abundances more than 0.5% were significantly different between bacterial clusters after FDR adjustment (Table S20), while 13 KEGG orthologs differed significantly in childhood (Table S21). We found the function beta-galactosidase was predicted to be decreased in bacterial cluster Infancy_3 (0.19 ± 0.16%) compared with Infancy_1 and Infancy_2 (0.68 ± 0.17 and 0.67 ± 0.19%). In later life, beta-glucosidase was observed significantly increased in Childhood_2 (0.84 ± 0.17%) as compared to the other three childhood bacterial clusters (0.67 ± 0.16, 0.62 ± 0.07, and 0.6 ± 0.11%). Regarding MetaCyc pathways with average relative abundances more than 0.5%, 72 of them were significantly different after correction in infancy (Table S22), and 88 differed significantly in childhood (Table S23). These MetaCyc pathways mainly covered degradation and biosynthesis of carbohydrates and amino acids. In the first several months, pathways of Bifidobacterium shunt, mixed acid fermentation, L-arginine biosynthesis I and II, and superpathway of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis were significantly reduced in Infancy_3 as compared to Infancy_1 and Infancy_2. Pathways of L-arginine biosynthesis I and II were observed significantly depleted in Childhood_2 as compared to the other three bacterial clusters in childhood.