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Diagnostics of Functional Abnormalities in the Microcirculation System Using Laser Doppler Flowmetry
Published in Andrey V. Dunaev, Valery V. Tuchin, Biomedical Photonics for Diabetes Research, 2023
Irina A. Mizeva, Elena V. Potapova, Elena V. Zharkikh
Thermal tests provoke significant variations both in the average perfusion (Figure 4.7) and in its oscillation component (see the third experimental stage in Figure 4.5). The statistical analysis (Figure 4.6) demonstrates close values of perfusion (P, p.u.) – the parameter measured by LDF – without any significant differences in the basal state. Cooling provokes weak vasoconstriction and heating induces significant vasodilation. Note that the vasodilation dynamics varies between groups (Figure 4.6). All measurements showed a peak at the beginning of heating caused by the axon reflex. The highest rate of vasodilation is found in the control group, and this characteristic is impaired in both diabetic groups. Moreover, the heating clarified the difference between groups, and perfusion of the heated skin significantly differs in the groups of healthy and diabetes subjects, but is similar in two diabetes groups.
Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
James A. Mastrianni, Elizabeth A. Harris
Thermoregulatory testing Sweat test: failure of whole-body sweating, differentiating MSA-P from PD.Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test: normal findings, differentiating MSA-P (abnormal) from PD.
Deep Tissue Hyperalgesia
Published in Robert M. Bennett, The Clinical Neurobiology of Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain, 2020
Lars Arendt-Nielsen, Thomas Graven-Nielsen
The phenomenon of neurogenic inflammation [axon reflex] caused by a noxious stimulus is well-known and studied as the flare reaction in human skin, but is most likely also important for muscles [Figure 3]. Neurogenic inflammation in a muscle may cause release of peptides that can increase the blood flow locally. Edema and/or plasma extravasation may be the result and as such the phenomenon may play a role in development of localized muscle hyperalgesia.
Neurological manifestations of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: a focus on diagnostic delays
Published in Amyloid, 2022
Michelle C. Kaku, Shivkumar Bhadola, John L. Berk, Vaishali Sanchorawala, Lawreen H. Connors, K. H. Vincent Lau
On examination, we found high rates of patients with asymptomatic SFN with impaired pinprick and temperature sensation. This finding highlights the importance of a detailed neurological examination even in asymptomatic genetic carriers, and corroborates expert opinion that patients should have at least annual routine visits starting 10 years prior to predicted age of disease onset [22,23]. Among 33 patients with symptoms of SFN, only six patients had a skin biopsy prior to first visit, with three showing reduced IENFD. Increasing the frequency of skin biopsies in ATTRv amyloidosis genopositive patients may lead to earlier identification of active disease, as reduced IENFD has been demonstrated in asymptomatic carriers [24]. Quantitative sensory testing, sympathetic skin response and quantitative sudomotor axon reflex testing may also serve as important tests for identifying SFN [25].
Pre-clinical evaluation of new dibucaine formulations for preventive analgesia
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2021
Beatriz Furlan, Beatriz T. de Melo, Juliana Z. B. Papini, Marcelo Sperandio, Juliana D. Oliveira, Eneida de Paula, Cintia M. S. Cereda, Giovana R. Tofoli
Peripheral C-fibres have afferent and efferent functions. For example, peripheral C-fibres are responsible for axon reflex flare reactions, which involve noxious stimuli induced by antidromic impulses that travel along the peripheral nerve terminal. In injured tissues, the peripheral C-fibres release neuropeptides, such as substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), which are known to potentiate the inflammatory process and sensitise periphereal C fibres (Iyengar et al.2017, Sousa-Valente and Brain 2018). Peripheral sensitisation and the associated hyperalgesia are initiated and maintained in part by the actions of CGRP, and our findings demonstrated that the presence of dibucaine reduces the levels of CGRP. This effect might be responsible for reduced nociception and neurogenic inflammation, which is generally promoted by the administration of local anaesthetics (Grosu and Lavand'homme 2015).
Effect of dry needling on cubital tunnel syndrome: Three case reports
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2019
Sudarshan Anandkumar, Murugavel Manivasagam
Treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome utilizing DN was based on a working model for mechanical interfaces (Anandkumar, 2018) (Figure 7). DN is thought to mediate pain by acting through the gate control theory (pre-synaptic and post-synaptic segmental inhibition at the spinal cord) and assisting in the release of endogenous opioids (through the descending pain suppression systems) (Cagnie et al., 2013; Dommerholt, 2011). With controlled microtrauma, the axon reflex has been shown to be activated due to the release of vasoactive substances like substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (Cagnie et al., 2013; Sato, Sato, Shimura, and Uchida, 2000). Also, various proteins like vascular endothelial growth factor are released with DN and all these factors cause vasodilatation of vessels and angiogenesis, ultimately resulting in increased blood flow (Hsieh, Yang, Yang, and Chou, 2012). Further, enhanced microcirculation and improvements in nerve conduction velocities have been shown with the needling of perineural structures (Dunning et al., 2014; Khosrawi, Moghtaderi, and Haghighat, 2012; Kumnerddee and Kaewtong, 2010; Sim et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2009, 2011).