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Applications of Fenugreek in Nutritional and Functional Food Preparations
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Ujjwala Kandekar, Rohini Pujari, Prasad Thakurdesai
Fenugreek seed lipids are comprised of neutral fats such as glycolipids, phospholipids, triglycerides, diglycerides, small amounts of free fatty acids, and sterols monoglycerides (Hemavathy and Prabhakar 1989). The fatty acids such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and arachidic acid are found in the seeds (Al-Jasass and Al-Jasser 2012).
Subfamily Bombacoideae
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Mariam I. Gamal El-Din, Fadia S. Youssef, Mohamed L. Ashour, Omayma A. Eldahshan, Abdel Nasser B. Singab
The oil content of several members of Bombacoideae were evaluated for their fatty acid composition, including Adansonia digitata, A. fony, A. za, A. madagascariensis, A. suarezensis, A. grandidiera, Bombax costatum, Chorisia speciosa, Lagunaria patersonii, Pachira glabra, P. aquatica, and Ochroma lagopus. Among normal fatty acids, palmitic acid (147), stearic acid (152), oleic acid (154), linoleic acid (155), linolenic acid (156), and sterculic acid (164) were observed in most species. Caproic (143), caprylic (144), arachidic (157), lignoceric (160), and vernolic (161) acids were found in B. costatum seed oil. Investigation of different Adansonia species demonstrated the existence of myristic (tetradecanoic acid) (145), pentadecanoic acid (146), palmitoleic acid (148), heptadecanoic acid (149), heptadecenoic acid (150), heptadecadienoic acid (151), octadec-7-enoic acid (153), arachidic acid (157), eicosenoic acid (158), and behenic acid (159) (Table 15.15).
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
Published in L.D. Kapoor, Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Chemical constituents — Seeds contain a fatty fixed oil. Analysis of the oil gave toxic resin (3.4%), oleic acid (37.0%), linolic acid (19,0%), arachidic acid (1.5%), stearic acid (0.3%), palmitic acid (0.9%), myristic acid (7.5%), louric, tiglic, valeric, and butyric acids in traces, acetic acid (0.6%), and formic acid (0.8%). Seed kernels contain 43 to 63% croton oil. The oil contains a toxic resin; the seed kernels contain two toxic proteins, croton globulin and croton albumin, sucrose, and a glycoside, crotonoside.50 Trease confirmed that the oil contains croton resin; also “crotin”, a mixture of croton globulin and croton albumin comparable with ricin. The oil also contains diesters of the tetracylic diterpene phorbol; acids involved are acetic, a short chain acid, and capric, lauric, and palmitic as long chain acids. These compounds are cocarcinogens and also possess inflammatory and vesicant properties. The plant also contains alkaloids. The seeds contain two tumor-promoting principles.178
Presence of potent inhibitors of bacterial biofilm associated proteins is the key to Citrus limon’s antibiofilm activity against pathogenic Escherichia coli
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Songeeta Singha, Rajendran Thomas, Abinash Kumar, Devarshi Bharadwaj, Jai N. Vishwakarma, Vivek Kumar Gupta
The GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract revealed the presence of 19 compounds in C. limon and their tentative identification was based on their molecular structure, molecular mass and calculated fragments. The name, molecular weight and structure of these phytochemicals were ascertained and the details of each compound are depicted in Table 1. Among the phytochemicals, 6-azabicyclo [3, 2, 0] heptan-7-one was the most abundant followed by 6-methoxy-3(2h)-pyridazinonehaving an area percentage of 11.7% and 8.24% of the total plot area, respectively. This pyridazinone derivative is a six membered cyclic hydrazine non-aromatic heterocyclic ring with two nitrogen atoms (C5H6N2O). Similarly, eicosanoic acid or arachidic acid, a saturated fatty acid and cis-13, 16-docasadienoic acid or docasadienoic acid, a natural ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) also had major area percentages of 5.897% and 4.779%, respectively. Compounds of the phenethylamine class viz. 2, 3-dimethoxyphenethylamine, Orotic acid, a pyrimidinedione that improves metabolism of liver, 5, 8-dimethoxycumarin and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran were found to be the major constituents of the extract whereas cyclobarbital,3-methoxy-5-methylphenol were present in trace amount (Figure 3). All 19 phytochemicals thus identified were subjected to molecular docking and dynamics studies to evaluate the favorable in-silico molecular interaction evidenced from the docking score and H-bond energy.
Chemical composition and insecticidal activities of the essential oils and various extracts of two Thymus species: Thymus cariensis and Thymus cilicicus
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Selçuk Küçükaydın, Gülsen Tel-Çayan, Mehmet Emin Duru, Memiş Kesdek, Mehmet Öztürk
GC-FID and GC-MS systems were used to determine the chemical compositions of the hexane extracts of T. cariensis and T. cilicicus. Results were given as percentage (%) concentration in Table 1. In hexane extract of T. cariensis and T. cilicicus, a total of 33 and 25 compounds identified and represented 99.28% and 99.36% of the extracts, respectively. The main components of both hexane extracts were found mostly fatty acids such as linolenic acid, linoleic acid, behenic acid, and palmitic acid. The percentages of linolenic, linoleic, behenic, and palmitic acids were found 22.65%, 14.37%, 12.54%, 15.08% for T. cariensis, 26.37%, 7.57%, 8.08%, and 11.41% for T. cilicicus. Whereas unsaturated fatty acids represented 38.11% and 34.19% in T. cariensis and T. cilicius, saturated fatty acids represented 44.24% and 29.72%, respectively. Squalene also was found as one of the major components of hexane extracts of T. cariensis (10.35%) and T. cilicicus (9.66%). According to Table 1, considerable similarities of chemical components of EOs and hexane extracts were observed. The EO and hexane extract of T. cariensis contained 15 similar compounds, while 12 similar compounds found in EO and hexane extract of T. cilicicus. Besides, arachidic acid (2.83 to 4.80%), tetracosanoic acid (2.69 to 4.81%), and stearic acid (2.59 to 3.41%) were detected in small quantities in studied Thymus species.
Therapeutic potential of castor oil in managing blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Emma C Sandford, Alex Muntz, Jennifer P Craig
The oil comprises 87–90 per cent ricinoleic acid, 2–7 per cent oleic acid, 3–5 per cent linoleic acid, 1–2 per cent palmitic acid, one per cent stearic acid, one per cent dihydrostearic acid with trace amounts of other fatty acids, including dihydroxystearic acid, eicosanoic acid, arachidic acid and hexadecenoic acid. It has been shown additionally to contain lauric acid, globulin, cholesterol, lipase, vitamin E and B‐sitosterol.66 Glycosides of fatty acids are also present.76 Other trace constituents have been found to include tannin, phenol, alkaloid, phytate, oxalate, saponin, cyanogenic glycosides and flavonoid in decreasing order of concentration. Volatile constituents, cineole, 2‐octanol, terpenene‐4‐ol, limonene, sabinene, pinene, terpinene and methyl groups are also present. The beneficial properties of castor oil are understood to result from the combination of components and trace amounts of essential oils (such as glycosides).56,77,78