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Fibrous tumors
Published in Eckart Haneke, Histopathology of the NailOnychopathology, 2017
All fibromyxoid tumors have to be differentiated. Digital fibrokeratoma may occasionally present a myxoid stroma, but expresses factor XIIIa, is CD34 negative and exhibits a specific macroscopic shape. Superficial acral fibromyxoma and myxoid neurofibroma may be similar, but the latter lacks the prominent vasculature and is positive for protein S100, whereas there can also be focal CD34 positivity. Myxoid onychomatricoma is CD34+ and shows the characteristic microarchitecture. Sclerosing perineurioma is more a tumor of the palms than the nails; it expresses epithelial membrane antigen and CD34 is usually negative. Myxoid dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is very rare, but was also observed on digits. It shows a storiform proliferation of CD34+ tumor cells, which also infiltrate the subcutaneous tissue. FISH reveals the typical t(17:22) translocation. Apolipoprotein D is expressed by dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, but not by superficial acral fibromyxoma.78,79 Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma has once been observed on the big toe.80 It shows alternating fibrous and myxoid areas with a swirling growth pattern and the tumor cells have uniform spindle cell morphology with minimal nuclear atypia. It is consistently CD34 negative,81 but typically shows the fusion transcript FUS/CREB2L3.82,83 Superficial angiomyxoma is mainly localized in the head and neck region but may exceptionally be observed in a digit. It is commonly ill-defined, multilobular, often hypervascularized, includes an epithelial component in about 20% of the cases, and consists of a proliferation of spindle and stellate cells in a more diffusely myxoid matrix. It is surrounded by a neutrophil-rich infiltrate. CD34 is inconsistently expressed.84 Monophasic spindle cell variant of synovial sarcoma may also be considered differential diagnostically. However, it can be immunohistochemically characterized by EMA positivity and reactivity for keratins.85 Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma occurs in the soft tissues of the extremities and is usually much larger but has no predilection for the nail apparatus. It can be distinguished thanks to its inflammatory infiltrate and the Sternberg-Reed like cells. When the myxoid component of superficial acral fibromyxoma is lacking, the histological features resemble cellular digital fibroma.86,87
Serum proteome assessment in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children: a preliminary study
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Paweł Małecki, Joanna Tracz, Magdalena Łuczak, Magdalena Figlerowicz, Katarzyna Mazur-Melewska, Wojciech Służewski, Anna Mania
The adipogenic function of tetranectin (lower concentration in the NAFLD group, without statistical significance) is described in a mouse and bovine model [46]. In the study of Nemes et al., lower concentrations of apolipoproteins D, M, and C-I in the group of children with NAFLD were found [47]. In our group, apolipoprotein D was significantly lower, while apolipoprotein M considerably higher in NAFLD patients. The significance of these apolipoproteins in the pathogenesis of NAFLD has not been fully described in available reports.
Association of BMI and lipid profiles with axillary osmidrosis: a retrospective case-control study
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2021
Zheng Dong, Zhen Tan, Zhenyu Chen
The mechanism of association between BMI and AO: (1) This may be related to the common pathogenesis of obesity and AO, the JNK signal transduction pathway (9–12). The odor of AO is composed of volatile branched-chain unsaturated fatty acids and steroids. The main component is 6-carbon-11-carbon branched unsaturated fatty acids, of which E-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid (E-3M2H) is the most important one. Volatile sulfides have a strong pungent odor and a low olfactory threshold. A small number of vulcanized steroids or fatty acids in sweat can cause discomfort. Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) in the apocrine gland is a specific apocrine secretion-binding protein (13). It is a carrier of odor molecules. Without ApoD, the odor would be difficult to transport from the great sweat gland cells to the lumen and finally emit. Under the influence of hormones in the body or the external environment, the secretion of E-3M2H in the apocrine cells is increased. E-3M2H is combined with ApoD and secreted into the lumen of the apocrine gland, which is transported to the skin surface through the sweat gland duct. The secretion breaks down under the action of bacteria to produce a pungent odor. The androgen receptor (AR) signal stimulates the expression of ApoD by JNK1, and the JNK signal transduction pathway (10) is involved in the mechanisms of various diseases including obesity (9, 14). (2) This may be related to the effect of the renin–angiotensin system on AO (15), angiotensin II (Ang II) is an important component of the renin–angiotensin system, which is composed of specific receptor angiotensin. The receptor II (angiotensin II receptor, AngIIR) is mediated. The AngIIR mainly includes AngII1R and AngII2R and the like. Studies have shown that the expression of AngII2R in the apocrine glands of patients with AO is significantly different from that of normal people. The expression of AngII2R in patients with AO is 7.8 times higher than that of normal people and with the increase of body odor smell, apocrine sweat glands in the patients with Ang II 2 r and ApoD mRNA levels will increase. The expression of AngII2R in patients with severe odor was 2.36 times that of mild patients, and the expression of ApoD was 2.89 times that of mild patients. The mRNA level of AngII2R in the apocrine sweat gland of the temporal region was positively correlated with the expression level of ApoD (16,17). The high expression of AngII2R in the axillary sweat gland cells is associated with the onset of odor, while obese people change the renal sodium channel and stimulate the renin–angiotensin system to affect the occurrence of AO by secreting more leptin. Higher lipid profiles may be affect hormones and ApoD.