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Food Types, Dietary Supplements, and Roles
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Alcoholic drinks are aqueous liquids that contains ethanol or ethyl alcohol, an organic chemical molecule obtained by fermentation. The products used for fermentation must contain plant sugars or carbohydrates (starch, disaccharides, or monosaccharides) often present in fruits, tubers, grains, stems, and saps. Two main plant materials used for fermentation are fruits and cereal grains. To obtain alcoholic beverages by fermentation, sugar (glucose, sucrose, or fructose) present in fruits or cereals is converted to alcohol and gases (CO2) by the action of yeasts such as some varieties of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This reaction occurs within the yeast cell by anaerobic process and under certain conditions of temperature and time (45–46).
Exercise Physiology
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Glycogen stored in muscle rapidly splits into glucose that is used for energy. The initial stage of this process is known as glycolysis and it is an anaerobic process. Glycogen in this process is mostly converted to lactate and supplies four ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose. The glycogen–lactic acid system forms ATP two and a half times as fast as oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria but is self-limiting. This process supplies enough energy for maximal muscle contraction for 1.3–1.6 minutes.
Chronic Hyperglycemia—A Primer
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
Two different pathways are involved in the metabolism of glucose: one anaerobic and one aerobic. The anaerobic process occurs in the cytoplasm and is only moderately efficient. The aerobic cycle takes place in the mitochondria and results in the greatest release of energy. As the name implies, though, it requires oxygen.
Physiological factors which influence the performance potential of athletes: analysis of sports medicine performance testing in Nordic combined
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2021
Rupert Schupfner, Stefan Pecher, Eva Pfeifer, Christian Stumpf
It may seem that classifying physical performance ranges into aerobic and anaerobic is sensible in terms of training diagnostics, but it does not reflect the actual physiological situation. In fact, some energy is provided anaerobically even at rest and aerobic metabolic processes can also be active when subjects are exerting themselves to the maximum level [23]. Other points criticizing the importance of the lactate threshold include the fact that the increase in lactate does not have a clearly defined turnpoint and the parallelism of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic processes. Indeed, there is not a sudden switch from an aerobic to an anaerobic process, so the term ‘threshold’ in itself is misleading [5,24]. In addition, the protocol of lactate performance tests (step duration and length) has a substantial influence on the trend of the lactate curve, meaning that a true comparison of the different athletes is only achieved if the test protocol is identical.
Fumarate hydratase as a therapeutic target in renal cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2020
Priyanka Kancherla, Michael Daneshvar, Rebecca A. Sager, Mehdi Mollapour, Gennady Bratslavsky
Loss of FH results in citric acid cycle dysfunction, which impairs cellular metabolism via oxidative phosphorylation. This obligates energy production to occur via glycolysis, a tumorigenic phenomenon known as ‘glycolytic switch’ [34]. Typically, the shift from reliance on oxidative phosphorylation, an aerobic process, to glycolysis, an anaerobic process, only occurs under hypoxic conditions. Glycolysis dependence in a normoxic environment, or aerobic glycolysis, is known as the Warburg effect [35]. Unlike other kidney cancers where the citric acid cycle is functional, FH-mutant tumors are completely glucose and glycolysis dependent and can, therefore, be effectively imaged by fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography [36].