China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
The term gliotoxin has a generic and a specific meaning. Generically, it is a term used to describe any agent that destroys selectively GLIAL CELLS. Ethidium bromide, alpha aminoadipic acid (alpha AAA) and fluorocitrate are all agents that have been used experimentally to destroy glial cells. They have been used to examine, for example, the proCesses of DEMYELINATIONand REMYELINATION (see Shields et al., 1999) work that hopefully will have important consequences for understanding disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. However, specifically, gliotoxin refers (rather confusingly) to a particular agent: gliotoxin is a fungal toxin that affects plants and animals. Its main properties appear to be suppression of the IMMUNE SYSTEM and destruction of cells (see Richard, 1997).
Genome-wide association studies of stress score in a Korean Cohort
Published in Stress, 2021
Two SNPs were identified for ActST. The first significant SNP (SNP_A-1897172) is located in locus 171221400 on chromosome 4, in the alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AADAT) gene. The gene undertakes two transaminase activities—the transamination of alpha-aminoadipic acid (a final step in the saccaropine pathway, which is the major pathway for L-lysine catabolism) and the transamination of kynurenine to produce kynurenine acid (the precursor of kynurenic acid which has neuroprotective properties) (Gaudet et al., 2011). Such neurodefensive properties are likely responsible for its relevance to stress. The second SNP in ActST (rs17338026) is found on the metaxin 2 (MTX2) gene, which interacts with mitochondrial membrane proteins and is considered to be important for proteins within the mitochondria (Pastor, 1966).
Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on nutrient absorption and metabolism in rats: distinguishing the susceptibility of amino acids, metal elements, and glucose
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Yanjun Gao, Yixuan Ye, Jing Wang, Hao Zhang, Yao Wu, Yihui Wang, Lailai Yan, Yongliang Zhang, Shumin Duan, Lizhi Lv, Yun Wang
Serum amino acids were determined using an amino acid analyzer (Hitachi L-8900, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) according the published method (Nishi et al. 2018). Briefly, frozen serum samples (each group with five rats) were removed and thawed; 0.3 mL of serum and 0.3 mL of 5% sulfosalicylic acid were mixed thoroughly for deproteinization and then centrifuged at 12 000 rpm for 15 min. The supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 µm membrane and then analyzed for amino acids using an ion-exchange amino acid analyzer. Thirty-three types of amino acid components were tested in this study, including Thr, Met, Val, His, Lys, isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr), cysteine (Cys), cystathionine (Cysthi), arginine (Arg), aspartic acid (Asp), proline (Pro), serine (Ser), glycine (Gly), glutamic acid (Glu), alanine (Ala), beta-alanine (β-Ala), 1-methylhistidine (1Mehis), 3-methylhistidine (3Mehis), taurine (Tau), sarcosine (Sar), citrulline (Cit), ornithine (Orn), alpha-aminoadipic Acid (α-AAA), alpha-aminobutyric acid (α-ABA), gamma-aminobutyric acid (γ-ABA), beta-aminoisobutyric acid (β-AiBA), ethanolamine (EOHNH2), hydroxyproline (Hypro), urea, and NH3. Unfortunately, tryptophan (Trp) could not be tested by this method since Trp would be hydrolyzed by acid (Nishi et al. 2018).