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Hyperthermia in oncology and nontoxic integrative treatments
Published in Clifford L. K. Pang, Kaiman Lee, Hyperthermia in Oncology, 2015
Clifford L. K. Pang, Kaiman Lee
Cancer adoptive immunotherapy (Figure 4.3) has become the fourth major means of cancer treatment and is widely applied clinically after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Clinical data show that DC-CIK cell therapy is applicable to patients with low tumor load after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy and has particular advantages in clearing residual minimal lesions and preventing the recurrence and metastasis of cancer. For those advanced patients without contraindications and with failure of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, DC-CIK cells can improve immune functions effectively, improve tumor-bearing survival quality, and prolong survival time.
Epstein–Barr Virus and Treatment of Its Infection
Published in Satya Prakash Gupta, Cancer-Causing Viruses and Their Inhibitors, 2014
Tarun Jha, Amit Kumar Halder, Nilanjan Adhikari
The major drawback of antivirals is that these have no influence on the underlying immune suppression that favors EBV-driven tumorigenesis. Adoptive immunotherapy using EBV-specific CTLs, though time consuming and work intensive, may overcome this disadvantage (Gottschalk et al. 2002). The adoptive transfer of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes offers a safe and effective therapy for certain viral infections and could prove useful in the eradication of tumor cells. Heslop et al. (1996) reported the long-term detection of gene-marked EBV-specific CTLs in immune-compromised patients at risk for development of EBV lymphoproliferative disease. Infusions of these cell lines not only restored cellular immune responses against EBV but also established populations of CTL precursors that could effectively respond to viral infection for as long as 18 months. The adoptive transfer of EBV CTLs was successfully applied in the treatment of PTLD.
Adoptive T Cell Immunotherapy
Published in Sanjiv S. Agarwala, Vernon K. Sondak, Melanoma, 2008
Susan Tsai, Shari Pilon-Thomas
An alternative source of effector T cells for adoptive immunotherapy is lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are important secondary lymphoid organs where dendritic cells interact with T cells to initiate a primary immune response (36). Our laboratory has characterized the effectiveness of either tumor-draining or vaccine-primed lymph node cells as effector cells in adoptive immunotherapy (37,38). The generation of effector T cells from tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) or vaccine-primed lymph nodes (VPLN) is restricted by the immunogenicity of the tumor cells and the kinetics of response within the draining lymph nodes, and requires secondary activation ex vivo for differentiation and expansion of the lymphoid cells to become immunocompetent effector cells in adoptive immunotherapy.
Lymphodepletion strategies to potentiate adoptive T-cell immunotherapy – what are we doing; where are we going?
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
It has been over 50 years since the original demonstration that passive transfer of tumor-specific T-cells can elicit therapeutic benefit in cancer-bearing hosts [1]. Following pioneering work by Rosenberg at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) using ex vivo expanded lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes [2], the field has evolved to incorporate genetically engineered T-cells that express a novel T-cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). A key requirement for effective adoptive immunotherapy is the in vivo expansion and persistence of therapeutically infused T-cell populations [3]. One of the most widely used approaches to achieve this entails the conditioning of patients with lymphodepleting chemotherapy and/or irradiation [4]. Administration of T-cells to lymphodepleted recipients elicits superior anti-tumor activity compared to that seen in their lymphoreplete counterparts [5,6]. During the period between dosing and therapeutic response [5,6], memory T-cells undergo homeostatic in vivo expansion [7] and acquire multiple effector capabilities [8]. Variability of this proliferative response may account for the lack of clear-cut relation between T-cell dose and therapeutic outcome, particularly in the context of CD19 CAR T-cell immunotherapy [9]. In this review, we consider current strategies available to elicit lymphodepletion and consider options as to how to achieve an optimal balance between anti-tumor activity and safety of adoptively infused T-cells 90.
Review of clinical tumor ablation advance in Asia
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Luo Wang, Jinshun Xu, Jie Yu, Ping Liang
Besides, adoptive immunotherapy is considered to help reduce the recurrence and metastasis rates of cancers. Cellular immunity is critical for antitumor immunity. In the last decade, several clinical studies were conducted on combining adoptive immunotherapy and ablation in treating tumors in Asia. Most studies [84–91] adopted one single immunocyte such as cytokine-induced killer (CIK), RetroNectin activated killer cells (RAK), and natural killer cells (NK cells). Two studies applied multiple successively-administered immunocytes infusion, which was more representative of the native immune response [92,93]. In 2017, a Chinese research group published the first international clinical trial of allogeneic NK cells combined with CA or IRE for treating renal cell cancers [90], advanced non-small-cell lung cancers [84], and metastatic pancreatic cancers [88].
Enhancing CAR T cell efficacy: the next step toward a clinical revolution?
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2020
Manjusha Namuduri, Renier J. Brentjens
Chimeric antigen therapy is a novel form of adoptive immunotherapy that has the feasibility to reach vast numbers of patient populations across the globe. It has positively affected outcomes in leukemia patients, including particularly challenging subsets across all age groups (adult and pediatric). Non-overlapping mechanism of tumor kill, and (usually) non-overlapping toxicities with other forms of tumor-directed therapy make it particularly attractive to extend this approach to tumor types other than leukemias and lymphomas. Preclinical and clinical studies utilizing various targets in solid tumors are currently underway. Importantly, other treatment modalities can serve to be complimentary for the therapeutic effect of the CAR T cells. Chemotherapy can deplete immunosuppressive cells in the microenvironment. Radiation therapy can generate access to neo-antigens and foster an inflammatory micro-environment, which can enhance the anti-tumor effect of CAR T cells. CAR T cells can also be engaged in combinatorial strategies where efficacy can be amplified, as seen with checkpoint inhibitors.