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Bone Regeneration Effect of Cassia occidentalis Linn. Extract and Its Isolated Compounds
Published in Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay, Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Cassia, 2021
Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay
Unlike in rat, where emodin had no effect on preventing the OVX-induced bone loss, in OVX mouse, emodin (100 mg/kg b.i.d. every 3 days) given for 3 months increased osteoblast number with the increase in Runx2 positive cells in the lumbar vertebra and contributed to increases in bone mass and improved microarchitecture. In mouse bone marrow, emodin inhibited the OVX-induced adipocyte number and fat tissue fraction. In cultures of MSCs derived from bone marrow, emodin induced proliferation as well as differentiation. Osteogenic genes including Runx2, osterix, osteocalcin, col1 and BMP-4 were upregulated by emodin. Furthermore, emodin suppressed the differentiation of MSCs to adipocytes with attendant decreases in adipogenic genes including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma PPARγ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha C/EBPα and adipocyte protein 2 (aP2). Since increased adipogenesis significantly contributes to osteoclastogenic differentiation, emodin’s suppression of adipogenesis is likely to inhibit osteoclastogenesis and ultimately resorption. However, this study did not assess resorption parameters in OVX mice (Yang et al., 2014).
Type 2 Diabetes in Childhood
Published in Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack, Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
Metformin is not tolerated in a minority of subjects. In such cases, a thiazolidinedione (TZD) may prove useful. TZDs regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism through binding to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ [67]. When activated by TZDs, PPAR-γ heterodimerizes with the retinoid X receptor and binds to the promoters of target genes, including lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid transport protein, acetyl coA-synthase, and adipocyte protein 2 (aP2). The major effects of the TZDs are exerted in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. In 2005, pioglitazone was studied in 36 adolescent patients with T2D. This was an open-label, multisite study conducted over 18 days, investigating the safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of three daily doses (15, 30, and 45 mg). Pharmacokinetic profiles and side effects were similar to those seen in adult patients. Side effects included hypoglycemia, nausea, headache, peripheral edema, hepatic dysfunction, and diarrhea [67].
Diet as a Potential Modulator of Body Fat Distribution
Published in Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss, Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, 2017
Sofia Laforest, Geneviève B. Marchand, André Tchernof, Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements have been of interest following reports of their anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties as well as a potential role in modulating body fat mass (Pariza 2004, Silveira et al. 2007). CLA occurs naturally and is found primarily in ruminant meat and dairy products (Steinhart, Rickert, and Winkler 2003). It is synthetically produced from sunflower and safflower oils in supplements (Pariza, Park, and Cook 2001). The estimated daily intake of CLA is 0.36 g/day for women and 0.43 g/day for men, according to the German Nutrition Study (Steinhart, Rickert, and Winkler 2003). CLA comprises a group of 28 isomers that present two conjugated cis or trans dienes, primarily on positions C9 and C11 or C10 and C12. CLA is well absorbed in free FA form or as digested triglycerides when compared to ethyl ester (Fernie et al. 2004). Poor palatability was reported when CLA was ingested as free FA (Fernie et al. 2004). CLA has multiple effects on adipose tissue metabolism. It has been linked to decreased fat cell size and preadipocyte proliferation (Tsuboyama-Kasaoka et al. 2000, Evans, Brown, and McIntosh 2002, Brown and McIntosh 2003). Other reports showed adverse effects of CLA such as a decrease of preadipocyte differentiation via reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha activity C/EBPα (Brown et al. 2003, Kang et al. 2003), and activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and subsequent expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) (Chung et al. 2005). Impaired insulin signaling after CLA supplementation was also reported in animal models and was linked to the impact of TNFα on the expression of key adipogenic genes such as glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and adipocyte Protein 2 (aP2) (Chung et al. 2005). Reports (Evans, Brown, and McIntosh 2002) suggested differential effects of the two most studied CLA isomers, trans10cis12 and cis9trans11, the latter being associated with body composition (reduction in body fat and increase of lean body mass) and the other with anticarcinogenic properties.
Serum fatty acid binding protein 4 levels are associated with abdominal aortic calcification in peritoneal dialysis patients
Published in Renal Failure, 2021
Sijia Zhou, Xiaoxiao Wang, Junbao Shi, Qingfeng Han, Lian He, Wen Tang, Aihua Zhang
An increase of body fat is common in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients [2], which is associated with the proinflammatory state and the alteration in lipid profile [3]. Current researches suggest that fat tissue plays an important role in modulating lots of complications among PD patients, mainly through secreting various adipokines [4]. Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), also known as adipocyte FABP (A-FABP) or adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), is abundantly expressed in adipocytes and activated macrophages [5]. Adipokines may affect intimal arterial calcification in PD patients through regulating atherosclerosis. Studies also showed positive associations between serum FABP4 and other cardiovascular risk factors like obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance [6–8]. Medial arterial calcification is specific in patients with CKD-MBD, and the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteoblast-like cells is recognized as a key process in VC. There are many complex cross-talks between adipocytes, vessels, and bone tissues in patients on dialysis. Recent studies found that adipokines may influence the bone metabolism [9,10]. A basic study [11] reported that inhibition of FABP4 could alleviate osteoarthritis induced by high-fat diet in mice. These data corroborate the fact that FABP4 may play an important role in the development of VC among PD patients. However, no research has investigated the relationship between FABP4 and VC.
Lipogenesis inhibition and adipogenesis regulation via PPARγ pathway in 3T3-L1 cells by Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. rhizome extracts
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Natthawut Wong-a-nan, Kewalin Inthanon, Aroonchai Saiai, Angkhana Inta, Wutigri Nimlamool, Siriwadee Chomdej, Prasat Kittakoop, Weerah Wongkham
In this study, we focused on 4 groups of genes i.e. those involved in the following processes: 1) adipocyte differentiation (C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha), PPARγ (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma), ADD-1 (Adipocyte determination and differentiation-dependent factor 1) and Pref-1 (Pre-adipocyte factor 1)); 2) glucose uptake (IRS-1 (Insulin receptor substrate 1), GLUT4 (Glucose transporter type 4) and Adiponectin); 3) lipid metabolism (FAS (Fatty acid synthase) and aP2 (Adipocyte protein 2)) and 4) fatty acid oxidation (ATGL (Adipose triglyceride lipase), HSL (Hormone sensitive lipase) and PGC-1β (PPARγ coactivator 1 beta)). The relative mRNA expression of real-time PCR products was evaluated. ZCE and ZCW extracts were chosen in this work, since other solvents pose human health hazards and are not used in traditional medicine.
Diabetic serum from older women increases adipogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells
Published in Endocrine Research, 2018
Kendall F. Moseley, Máire E. Doyle, Suzanne M. Jan De Beur
The effects of both age (young vs. older) and glycemic status (NGT, IGT, T2DM) on hMSC differentiation into the adipocyte lineage were measured via quantification of mRNA expression of early, mid, and late differentiation markers for adipocyte lineages. For 14 days, hMSCs were incubated with adipogenic media and pooled HuS from each of the four participant groups, followed by mRNA extraction and qRT-PCR. Adipocyte markers included adiponectin (ADIPOQ), adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). There were significant differences in the constitutive expression of all adipogenic markers in hMSCs incubated with sera from subjects with T2DM compared with those incubated with sera from NGTY women, or NGT or IGT participants. Specifically, expressions of adipogenic genes aP2, LPL, and PPARγ were greater than twofold higher (P < 0.05) in MSCs cultured with T2DM sera compared to those incubated with NGTY, NGT or IGT sera (Figure 3a). Furthermore, expression of the adipogenic gene ADIPOQ was over twofold higher (P < 0.05) in hMSCs cultured with T2DM sera compared to those incubated with IGT sera. We additionally qualified histochemical markers of lineage allocation into adipocytes in hMSCs incubated with HuS using oil Red O cytochemical staining (adipocyte lineage). The increase in adipogenic gene expression corresponded with increased lipid accumulation demonstrated by the intensity of Oil Red O staining in MSCs cultured with T2DM sera (Figure 3b).