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Mitigation of Obesity: A Phytotherapeutic Approach
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
A.B. Sharangi, Suddhasuchi Das
Any undesirable imbalance between energy intake and expenditure results in obesity. When dietary energy intake exceeds energy spending, surplus energy is converted to triglyceride which is stored in adipose tissue, thereby increasing body fat and causing weight gain. Obesity is assessed by means of body mass index (BMI) which is obtained by dividing the body weight (kg) with the square of height (m). A value of and over 30 kg/m indicates obesity. Nearly 1.9 billion adults (18 years or more) around the world are overweight and about 600 million of them are clinically obese. That is why obesity is recognized as one of the major health related threats throughout the globe (WHO, 2020). This malady, initially a concern for higher-income countries, is now on the rise in low- and middle-income countries also, especially in urban areas. The characteristic symptom of obesity is an increase in adipose cell size as quantified by the amount of fat accumulation at the cytoplasm of adipocytes (Devlin et al., 2000). Enzymes namely fatty acid synthase, lipoprotein lipase and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein controls this metabolic change in the adipocytes (Rosen et al., 2000).
Energy Provision, Fuel Use and Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Metabolism During The Exercise Intensity/Duration Continuum
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
On the fat side, we now understand that FFAs are moved across the muscle membrane and t-tubules via protein-mediated transport systems during exercise (11, 27, 40, 86). These transport proteins include the plasma membrane fatty acid–binding protein (FABPpm), fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs), and fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36). And unique to fat metabolism, FFAs are bound to protein chaperones in order to be transported in the cytoplasm for storage as IMTG or delivery to the mitochondria (28). At the mitochondrial membranes, all the FFA transported into the cell and released from IMTG must be transported across the mitochondrial membranes with the help of the carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT I) system and FATPs (mainly FAT/CD36) (9, 15, 80, 81). During exercise, FATPs are also moved to the muscle membrane (mainly FABPpm) and mitochondrial (mainly FAT/CD36) membranes to help bring fat into the cell, but this occurs over a slower time course (∼15–30 min) than GLUT4 translocation (12, 13, 40). It is expected that Ca2+ and the factors related to the energy status of the cell (e.g., free ADP, AMP, Pi, and AMPK activation) are involved, as they play an important role in activating the transport and docking of GLUT4 into the muscle membrane. For more detail on the regulation of these processes see (25, 31, 49, 50).
Cardiac biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome
Published in K Sarat Chandra, AJ Swamy, Acute Coronary Syndromes, 2020
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are low molecular mass proteins that are abundant in the cytoplasm of tissues having active fatty acid metabolism, including the heart, striated muscle, liver, and intestine.
Diagnostic and prognostic value of long noncoding RNAs in sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Yi Liao, Ran Wang, Fuqiang Wen
Several sepsis-related biomarkers associated with different pathogenesis have been added to the application of diagnosis and assessment of patients with sepsis and have received growing attention. Based on a previous study, it is suggested that procalcitonin (PCT) can be utilized as a biomarker of sepsis, and the PCT level usually rises earlier than C-reactive protein (CRP) while it reaches the peak in a short time [4]. PCT is useful for early detection of sepsis and monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics and can be utilized to guide the correct antibiotics usage. PCT also has a specific correlation with the severity of the disease [5]. Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) is a biomarker for early myocardial injury diagnosis. In a recent meta-analysis, H-FABP has shown high accuracy in judging the 28-day mortality of patients with sepsis [6].
Relationship between the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on brain plasticity and the improvement on cognition and behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Isabel Barón-Mendoza, Aliesha González-Arenas
The fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are a family of transport proteins with tissue-specific distribution and are located either anchored to the membrane or free in the cytosol. It has been suggested that membrane FABPs (FABPm) act as translocases for the crossing of fatty acids towards the cytoplasm, while the cytosolic FABPs (FABPc) can either increase the degree of dissociation of fatty acids from the membranes by rising their solubility, or interact directly with the membrane to transfer the attached fatty acids in the intracellular space [30]. The FABPs expressed in the brain, B-FABP (Brain FABP) y H-FABP (Heart FABP) prevail during development and adulthood, respectively [30,31]. Moreover, it is known that the binding affinity of FABPs for PUFAs is relatively high compared to saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids [27,32].
Electric pulse stimulation inhibited lipid accumulation on C2C12 myotubes incubated with oleic acid and palmitic acid
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Ling-Jie Li, Jin Ma, Song-Bo Li, Xue-Fei Chen, Jing Zhang
There are three types of fatty acid protein transporters on skeletal muscle: fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation 36 (FAT/CD36) (Le et al.2015), FATP (Batti et al.2017) and FABP (Wang et al.2015, Huang et al.2018). Among these, most of the research has focused mainly on the effect of exercise on FAT/CD36, skeletal muscle contraction increase uptake of long-chain fatty acids in muscle by FAT/CD36, which induces ATP-dependent adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Ca2+/CaMKII (Jeppesen et al.2009, 2011, Jordy and Kiens 2014) and thus promotes the translocation of FAT/CD36 from intracellular depots to the surface membrane. In this study, we investigated the effect of EPS on FAT/CD36 mRNA expression, and our result showed that its expression increased less than two-fold but still with significance. Taking the available literature and the results of this study into consideration, it seems that FAT/CD36 influences fatty acid lipid metabolism of muscle by the effects of exercise induced changes in the trafficking of FAT/CD36 to the sarcolemma, more than regulation of its transcription levels.