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Constitutive Host Resistance
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The polymorphonuclear leukocytes are also known as granulocytes because of the many granules found in their cytoplasm. The contents of the granules determine the cell′s staining properties and help to distinguish the different ceils of the granulocytic series. Three types of granulocytes based on staining characteristics have been described. These are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. The stain most commonly used to distinguish the ceils is the Giemsa stain, an azure B eosinate. It is prepared by interaction between two basic dyes, azure B and methylene blue, and an acidic dye, eosin. The basophilic, or cationic, components react with the negatively charged molecules of the granules, staining them blue. The acidophilic, or anionic, component reacts with the positively charged molecules, staining them red. The granules of the neutrophil are not ionically charged at physiological pHs and thus do not stain; they assume a grey or neutral tint.
Preparation and Health Benefits of Rice Beverages From Ethnomedicinal Plants: Case Study in North-East of India
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Vedant Vikrom Borah, Mahua Gupta Choudhury, Probin Phanjom
In a comparative study, local rice beers (namely: judima, jumai, horo, and poro) showed pH range of 3.43 to 5.6, which is lower than pH of 6.2 for beer gin, 6.3 for vodka, 6.5 for rum and 6.6 for whiskey, respectively [5, 43]. Storage of local rice beer may alter its pH to some extent. For example, an increase in pH from 3.43 to 4.06 in poro apong [80] and to 4.29 in jou has been reported [4]. The lower value of pH ensures the inhibition of growth of most known pathogens, such as, Clostridium perfringens, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli[98]. However, members of Enterobacteriaceae can reduce the pH due to onset of the anaerobic fermentation process in preparation of local beer but acidophiles will eventually dominate with the progress of fermentation process [1, 74]. Ghosh et al. [13] collected rice beer from different communities of Tripura; and they reported the volatile fatty acid composition, i.e., 0.06-0.28 g in 100 mL of tartaric acid and 0.02-0.35 g in 100 mL of acetic acid.
Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Natasha Shrikrishnapalasuriyar, P.N. Plowman, Márta Korbonits, Ashley B. Grossman
Table 5.1 represents the anterior pituitary hormones with their secreting cells and their consequent endocrinopathies. Classification can also be shown by their staining properties, although the original acidophilic and basophilic staining is no longer routinely recommended and has been replaced by immunostaining for their respective pituitary hormones (or their subunits), and in some cases with transcription factors.6 Pituitary tumors can be differentiated with regard to their size: Microadenomas (<1 cm) and macroadenomas (>1 cm). Secretory tumors of the neurohypophysis have not been described.
Metataxonomic and metaproteomic profiling of the oral microbiome in oral lichen planus - a pilot study
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Maria Bankvall, Miguel Carda-Diéguez, Alex Mira, Anders Karlsson, Bengt Hasséus, Roger Karlsson, Jairo Robledo-Sierra
Proteomic analysis using mass spectrometry has been performed previously in saliva samples of patients with OLP [54–57] but never through bacterial swabs as in the current study. Since Veillonella tobetsuensis, V. atypica, V. dispar and V. parvula were significantly reduced in patients with OLP, we hypothesised that the low proportion of this bacterium could be related to the development of the disease. This could represent an interesting biomarker, as Veillonella species use lactate as a carbon source, suggesting that the oral mucosa of patients with OLP could have reduced lactic acid levels. Furthermore, significantly higher proportions of other acidogenic and acidophilic bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, Atopobium, or Scardovia [58], were also found in healthy individuals. It should be noted that lactic acid not only results from bacterial metabolism but can also be overproduced by human lactate dehydrogenase activity in different mucosal tissues under stress conditions [59]. Therefore, lactate levels should be further analysed in OLP patients, as well as its potential use as a disease biomarker. In summary, although there is a high heterogeneity among these studies, it seems that an acidogenic and acidophilic community –as suggested by higher levels of lactate producers or users like Veillonella, Lactobacillus, or Atopobium– prevails in the oral mucosa of healthy individuals.
Evaluating the histomorphological and biochemical changes induced by Tributyltin Chloride on pituitary-testicular axis of adult albino rats and the possible ameliorative role of hesperidin
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Sahar F. Shaban, Maha A. Khattab, Samar H. Abd El Hameed, Shaimaa A. Abdelrahman
Sections stained with H&E of the pars distalis of the control group showed clusters of cells; Chromophils with strongly staining cytoplasm were composed of acidophils with acidophilic cytoplasm and eccentric vesicular nuclei and basophils with basophilic granular cytoplasm and eccentric vesicular nuclei. Chromophobe cells appeared with weakly staining cytoplasm. Blood sinusoids with their lining endothelial cells were noticed in between cell clusters (Figure 5a). TBT-treated group showed distorted normal architecture with marked decreased cellularity. Most of the cells had small darkly stained nuclei and lost cytoplasmic granules. Other cells showed cytoplasmic vacuolation. Areas of cell loss were observed between cell clusters (Figure 5b). The Hesperidin and TBT-treated group showed restoration of the normal appearance of cell clusters which composed of acidophils, basophils, chromophobes, and blood sinusoids in between them. Some cells showed darkly stained nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm (Figure 5c). In the recovery group, cells appeared with small dark nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm. Wide spaces were still present between adjacent cells indicating cell loss (Figure 5d).
From laboratory tests to field trials: a review of cathodic protection and microbially influenced corrosion
Published in Biofouling, 2022
A. A. Thompson, J. L. Wood, E. A. Palombo, W. K. Green, S. A. Wade
Due to increased cathodic reduction reaction rates, the application of CP generates a pH change close to the surface of protected metals (Dexter and Lin 1992) to beyond pH 12.5 (Lewandowski et al. 1989; Jansen et al. 2017). The shifting of pH due to CP is an important factor, as microbes generally thrive only within select pH ranges (Jin and Kirk 2018). Most microbes are neutrophiles existing in the pH range of 5 to 9, however acidophiles and alkaliphiles exist in the pH extremes (Johnson 1998; Mamo and Mattiasson 2016). In a study examining multiple chemical treatments to kill bacteria and remove biofilms, Chen and Stewart (2000) showed that raising the pH of growth media from 6.4 to 11.2 caused a 99.8% decrease in viable bacterial cells in a biofilm consisting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.