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Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is one of the exciting but still somewhat controversial areas of IBS research. In general, it is thought that the bacteria of the gut microbiome belong, primarily, in the colon (large intestine) with a transition zone in the terminal ileum. For the most part, there shouldn’t be a large population of bacteria in the small intestine. This is because the high acidity of the stomach as well as the effects of digestive enzymes and bile retard the colonization of bacteria introduced to the small intestine via our food and, whatever does make it past these defenses, are swept down to the colon via the migrating motor complex (peristalsis). Finally, an intact ileocecal valve prevents bacteria from moving upwards from the colon to the small intestine. However, when these defenses break down, colonic bacteria can proliferate in the small intestine, and this can often cause problems. This is known as SIBO.
Digestive and Metabolic Actions of Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or acid reflux disease, is a recurrent condition where acidic gastric juices leak upward into the esophagus [8]. The most common symptoms are an acidic taste in the mouth, regurgitation, and heartburn. The pathogenesis of GERD is multifactorial, involving lower esophageal sphincter relaxation or pressure abnormalities. As a result, reflux of acid, bile, pepsin, and pancreatic enzymes occurs, leading to esophageal mucosal injury. Other factors contributing to the pathophysiology of this disease include hiatal hernia, impaired esophageal clearance, delayed gastric emptying, and impaired mucosal defensive factors. Treatments for GERD include changes in food choices, medications, and surgery in extreme cases. Initial treatment is commonly done with proton-pump inhibitors such as omeprazole to neutralize the acid. Metoclopramide, a peripheral D2R antagonist, has been used alone or in combination with antacids to treat GERD for some years. However, use of metoclopramide has declined in recent years because of concerns with adverse effects such as PD-like movement disorders.
Statistical Analysis
Published in Abhaya Indrayan, Research Methods for Medical Graduates, 2019
Ptolemy in the second century ad propounded that the sun revolves round the earth. It remained “truth” for 14 centuries, until Copernicus came up with evidence against it in the 16th century, and established a new truth that says that the earth revolves round the sun. In medicine, for example, peptic ulcer was believed to be caused by acidity until some time ago when Helicobacter pylori was found to be the culprit in many cases. As of today, coronary heart disease is not considered caused by any infection, but this may soon become a topic of research.
An analysis of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome Reddit posts and themes
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Rachel S. Wightman, Jeanmarie Perrone, Alexandra B. Collins, Sahithi Lakamana, Abeed Sarker
Topic posts on cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome triggers highlighted multiple factors that, to our knowledge, have not been previously explored in the scientific literature. In addition to mental health triggers (e.g., anxiety), food and beverage categories, including alcohol, were frequently mentioned in trigger-related posts. Many, but not all, of the food items listed in the trigger category were highly acidic foods (e.g., spicy food, greasy food, coffee, and black tea). However, the general “food” category was broad, making it difficult to derive strong associations of cyclic vomiting episodes with any specific food item. Frequent alcohol and cannabis co-use has been previously documented on a population level, but the impact of these factors on cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome should be examined in future work.
Lactate dehydrogenase: a marker of diminished antitumor immunity
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Sandra Van Wilpe, Rutger Koornstra, Martijn Den Brok, Jan Willem De Groot, Christian Blank, Jolanda De Vries, Winald Gerritsen, Niven Mehra
Studies show that acidity influences immune cell function. Brand and colleagues35 studied the effect of lactic acid on T cells in melanoma. In immunocompetent mice, knockdown of LDH-A increased the number of tumor-infiltrating T and natural killer (NK) cells and reduced tumor growth. In immune compromised mice lacking T and NK cells, on the other hand, knockdown of LDH-A had no impact on tumor growth. When incubating CD8+ T cells with labeled lactic acid, intracellular accumulation of labeled and unlabeled lactate was seen together with a decrease in ATP production.35,41 Taken together, this data indicate that tumor-derived lactic acid can suppress T cells by blocking lactate export. Accordingly, in patients with metastatic melanoma and NSCLC, the expression of LDH-A and other glycolysis-related genes negatively correlates with T cell infiltration.35,42
Integrated hypothesis of dental caries and periodontal diseases
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Bente Nyvad, Nobuhiro Takahashi
Bacteria in the oral cavity can survive on nutrients from saliva, only, but in the presence of mixed substrates, carbohydrates are always metabolized first, followed by degradation of proteinaceous substrates [69]. This is a typical condition in the oral cavity, in which overload of carbohydrates from food and drink often results in excess production of organic acids and rapid reduction of environmental pH to <5.5 in the supragingival plaque. This acidification may disturb the mineral balance at the plaque-tooth interphase temporarily, but the intrinsic resilience factors can neutralize acidic pH following eating and drinking. Saliva can wash out carbohydrates and organic acids, neutralize environmental pH via the salivary bicarbonate system, and promote calcium/phosphate reprecipitation in dental plaque and in demineralized dental hard tissues, as long as the duration and frequency of acidification are not high. Similarly, in gingivitis the flow of GCF has a washing and pH-neutralizing function in the gingival crevice because the flow of GCF is positively correlated with inflammation [70,71].