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Acclimatization
Published in Andrew M. Luks, Philip N. Ainslie, Justin S. Lawley, Robert C. Roach, Tatum S. Simonson, Ward, Milledge and West's High Altitude Medicine and Physiology, 2021
Andrew M. Luks, Philip N. Ainslie, Justin S. Lawley, Robert C. Roach, Tatum S. Simonson
To mountaineers, acclimatization is the process by which they become more comfortable at altitude and find they can perform better than when they first arrived (Houston 1955; Roach 2019). The concept is nicely encapsulated by a statement from Charles Houston (1955), who, following decades of experience climbing at very high altitudes, wrote: “There is an altitude frontier beyond which humans cannot become accustomed to oxygen lack, but the approach to that frontier … is made possible by acclimatization—the process of becoming accustomed to an environment foreign to the organism.” For individuals traveling to high altitude, acclimatization prevents or alleviates symptoms and signs of acute altitude illness and restoration of some of the exercise performance lost on arrival at altitude (Latshang et al. 2013; Subudhi et al. 2014), whereas for physiologists, altitude acclimatization is, strictly, the sum of all the beneficial changes in response to altitude hypoxia that occur with time spent at a given altitude, and that eventually disappear on descent to low altitude. It refers only to the changes in response to hypoxia seen as beneficial as opposed to changes that result in illnesses such as acute mountain sickness (AMS), high altitude cerebral edema (HACE), or high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and are considered pathological.
Aesthetics
Published in Alan Bleakley, Medical Education, Politics and Social Justice, 2020
Returning to the (mal)distribution of sensibility capital, introduced in the first part of this chapter, acclimation (American usage) or acclimatization (British usage) is the process and result of becoming accustomed to a new climate or to new conditions. Lewis (2012) describes “acclimation pedagogy” as the formalized learning of an identity or new way of being on the terms of an externally imposed authority.
The chronic effects of lemon aqueous fraction administration on body weight and visceral fat mass
Published in Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah, Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
A.R. Furqaani, R. Ekowati, A.B. Yulianti, M. Tejasari, H. Heriansyah, M.K. Dewi
This study is pure in vivo laboratory experimental research with a completely randomized design. The experimental animals used in this study were mice (Mus musculus L.) DDY strains with inclusion criteria: adult females aged 45-50 weeks, weight 40-50 g, health, and responsive. Before the treatment period, an acclimatization period was done for one week. During the research period, animals placed in cages (size: 40x28x25 cm). Each cage filled with ten experimental animals. Cages are also equipped with food and drink so that animals can get access to food and drinks ad libitum. Wood sawdust is placed on the base of the cage to absorb animal urine and waste. Twenty-six female mice were divided into 5 groups, group 1 (K1) were fed by high-fat diet (PTL); group 2 (K2) were fed by standard diet; and three other groups that fed by PTL and got aqueous fraction of lemon with 3 different doses, 0.20 g/kg BW (K3), 0.40 g/kg BW (K4), and 0.80 g/kg BW (K5) for 75 days. The standard diet used in this study was CP-551. While the high-fat diet (PTL) was made from 1 kg of soluble cow fat and 20 duck eggs for every 5 kg CP-551.
Human cold habituation: Physiology, timeline, and modifiers
Published in Temperature, 2022
Beau R. Yurkevicius, Billie K. Alba, Afton D. Seeley, John W. Castellani
The following are definitions of the general terms used in this review, as defined by the International Union of Physiological Sciences [9]. The term adaptation is used to describe “changes that reduce the physiological strain produced by stressful components of the total environment”. The terms acclimation and acclimatization are often used interchangeably to refer to any adaptive change which occurs due to prolonged or repeated exposure to a stressful environment, and which reduces the strain or enhances endurance of strain in that environment. The terms differ slightly in that acclimation refers to experimentally driven or lab-based exposures, while acclimatization refers to natural exposures due to climate, season, or location. Habituation is defined as a “reduction of responses to or perception of a repeated stimulation.” In the context of this review, adaptation will be used as a general term, acclimation and acclimatization will be used to differentiate exposure type within the profiled studies, and habituation will be used to describe a reduction in the typical responses observed during acute cold exposures.
Self-reported reasons for on-duty sleepiness among commercial airline pilots
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Mikael Sallinen, Jussi Onninen, Kimmo Ketola, Sampsa Puttonen, Antti Tuori, Jussi Virkkala, Torbjörn Åkerstedt
Interestingly, no evidence of the role of the state of acclimatization in self-perceived reasons for on-duty sleepiness was found. For example, the results of LH outbound night FDPs and LH inbound FDPs conducted in an unknown state of acclimatization were quite similar. The same held for the results of LH inbound early morning flights flown while acclimatized to the home base time zone and conducted in an unknown state of acclimatization. Our result does not, however, mean that the state of acclimatization would not be a significant factor. First, the determination of a state of acclimatization was based only on a generic formula with the time difference and the time elapsed since reporting as the factors (COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 83/2014, 2014). Secondly, our data did not allow us to compare FDPs conducted while acclimatized to the home base time zone vs. the layover destination time zone. To further address this issue, an experimental approach would probably be needed to systematically manipulate the state of acclimatization while keeping other influential factors constant.
Pre-clinical evaluation of new dibucaine formulations for preventive analgesia
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2021
Beatriz Furlan, Beatriz T. de Melo, Juliana Z. B. Papini, Marcelo Sperandio, Juliana D. Oliveira, Eneida de Paula, Cintia M. S. Cereda, Giovana R. Tofoli
All experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Research of São Leopoldo Mandic (protocol # n. 2017/017 and protocol # n. 2017/032) and are in agreement with the recommendations by the National Council for Animal Experiment Control (CONCEA), Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments guidelines (ARRIVE) (Kilkenny et al.2010) and the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) in conscious animals (Zimmermann 1983). Animals were housed 4 per cage and received water and food ad libitum with a 12:12 h light-dark cycle at 23 ± 2 °C. Prior to commencing the experiments, the animals were handled for 7 days for acclimatisation with the location, apparatus and the experimenters. This acclimatisation process was crucial to prevent stress related bias. Each animal was used only once.