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Macrophages As Effectors Of Cell-Mediated Immunity
Published in Hans H. Gadebusch, Phagocytes and Cellular Immunity, 2020
It seems highly unlikely that macrophages synthesize antibodies, though they play very important roles in the induction and regulation of immune responses, both humoral and cellular. (See below, Section V A.) Quite recently it has been realized, however, that macrophages are in other ways major secretory cells46,49 (Table 1). Macrophages may modulate the effects of their own secreted products; for example, they produce a2-macroglobulin, which is an inhibitor of lysosomal hydrolases, plasminogen activator, elastase, and collagenase.50 It is of general rather than particularly immunological interest that macrophages can be induced by steroids to synthesize angiotensin-converting enzyme and thus, perhaps, contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension.51
The Pituitary Gland, Psychoneuroimmunology and Infection
Published in Herman Friedman, Thomas W. Klein, Andrea L. Friedman, Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, and Infection, 2020
Istvan Berczi, Andor Szentivanyi
Adrenalin invokes a high level of IL-6 in rats which can be antagonized by propranolol. When IL-6 release is blocked this way, the fast reacting acute phase proteins, α2-macroglobulin and cysteine protease inhibitor, are strongly depressed. Isoprenalin, a β2 receptor agonist, also induces very high levels of IL-6, indicating that β2 adrenoreceptors are involved.117
Host Defense II: Acquired Immunity
Published in Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla, Textbook of Immunology, 2019
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla
Some have even suggested that fusion between partly transformed cells and macrophages may lead to the fully malignant state. Macrophage surface antigens have been found on small cell CA of the lung. Many malignancies display chromosomal aneuploidy, which would be expected from cell fusion events. The secretion of several macrophage enzymes (e.g., collagenases, cathepsins, plasminogen activator) would be beneficial for cancer spread. Malignant melanoma cells secrete a2 macroglobulin, a macrophage product. Some melanoma cells also produce angiogenetic and growth factors. Metastases invade tissues which normally have a high complement of macrophages (lymph nodes, lungs, liver, brain, bone, pleura, peritoneum). These tissues must also have adhesion molecules which enhance macrophage localization, which might also be expressed by malignant cells that arose as a result of fusion with a macrophage.
Chymotrypsin attenuates adjuvant-induced arthritis by downregulating TLR4, NF-κB, MMP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expression in Sprague–Dawley rats
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Jianqiang Li, Linlin Wang, Guangting Zeng, Huilan Li, Jia Luo, Qijun Tian, Zanling Zhang
Chymotrypsin is a proteolytic enzyme with anti-inflammatory effects. It was found to be more effective than aspirin [8]. Chymotrypsin degrades proteins and has anti-inflammatory functions, inhibiting edema and promoting tissue repair. Low-dose chymotrypsin treatment is effective in inhibiting neutrophil migration into sites of inflammation in vivo [9]. It can also affect the migration of innate immune cells, which has an important effect on T cell polarization [9]. In models of acute and subacute inflammation, chymotrypsin has shown anti-inflammatory activity [8]. In an animal model of multiple sclerosis, administration of chymotrypsin successfully decreased clinical signs and decreased interleukin-17 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels along with increased interleukin-4 and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) levels [10]. Compared to untreated patients, chymotrypsin-administered burn patients showed a significant decrease in IL-1β and IL-6 levels in the serum [11]. α2-Macroglobulin is an important inhibitor of MMP activation [12]. The increased α2-macroglobulin level inhibited the activity of MMP, thus reducing the degradation and damage to joint tissue cells by MMP [4]. Supplementation with exogenous chymotrypsin has been shown to increase α2-macroglobulin levels [13]. Therefore, we hypothesize that chymotrypsin has a therapeutic effect on RA.
Analysis of urinary kallikrein-related peptidase 13 for monitoring bladder cancer
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Natalia Gruba, Patrycja Rachubik, Agnieszka Piwkowska, Adam Lesner
In 2013, Kapadia et al. (2003) presented that KLK13 possesses anti-angiogenic properties, which are mediated by the cleavage of plasminogen to produce angiostatin-like fragments. One year later Acuner-Ozbabacan et al. (2014) showed interactions between KLK13 and serine protease inhibitors, like a2-macroglobulin. Such interactions could be affected by KLK13 mutations and disrupted the posttranslational regulation of enzyme activity. What is more, favourable prognostic significance of KLK13 has been frequently reported in malignant neoplasms studies including ovarian (Scorilas et al.2004), breast (Chang et al.2002), lung (Gueugnon et al.2015), oral (Ishige et al.2014) and stomach (Konstantoudakis et al.2010). According to the work of Tokas et al. (2017) about the potential role of KLK13 in BC, we decided to address the potential use of KLK13 in the diagnosis of BC.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: use of diagnostic biomarkers and modalities in clinical practice
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Saleh A Alqahtani, Jörn M Schattenberg
Due to reduced diagnostic accuracy and a lack of a single biomarker for NASH diagnosis, several predictive panels combining clinical and laboratory parameters have been proposed for the diagnosis of NASH (Table 2). NashTest has been developed to predict the histological disease stages NASH, borderline NASH, or absence of NASH [58] . The test was developed and validated in an European multicenter cohort from referral centers and is based on liver histology as reference, combining 13 components – demographic characteristics (age, gender, BMI), blood parameters (ALT, AST, GGT, and lipids), α2-macroglobulin, apolipoproteinA1, and haptoglobin. The reported sensitivity and specificity to detected NASH are 33% and 94%, respectively [59]. A study analyzing 257 patients showed NashTest to have an AUROC of 0.79 for NASH, 0.69 for borderline NASH, and 0.77–0.83 for no NASH [60].