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Sulfacetamide
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Sulfacetamide is a synthetic sulfonamide antibiotic with bacteriostatic activity. It inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis by competing with p-aminobenzoic acid. With broad-spectrum activity against most gram-positive and many gram-negative organisms, it is used as an anti-infective topical agent to treat skin infections, bacterial vaginitis, keratitis, acute conjunctivitis, and blepharitis and as an oral agent for treating urinary tract infections. In pharmaceutical preparations, sulfacetamide is employed as sulfacetamide sodium (CAS number 127-56-0, EC number 204-848-4, molecular formula C8H9N2NaO3S) (1).
Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
This substance is primarily active as a topical agent with local application producing skin necrosis at the site of contact. There is early blanching followed by erythematous changes surrounding the area of blanching. Within 30 min a wheal appears and within 24 hr the original area of blanching acquires brown pigmentary changes. Subsequently an eschar forms that will slough off in 3-4 weeks. Itching is typically persistent throughout this period. Healing may be delayed to more than 2 months (U.S. Dept, of the Army, 1968). Topical absorption of this material in one reported human case led to dyspnea, which was thought to be an early sign of toxic pulmonary edema (Tschanatschev, 1958).
Microneedling in Clinical Practice
Published in Boris Stoeber, Raja K Sivamani, Howard I. Maibach, Microneedling in Clinical Practice, 2020
Aunna Pourang, Kourosh Beroukhim
Begin by ensuring there is a brand-new disposable needle cartridge in place. Apply the chosen topical agent to the skin in an adequate amount to minimize epidermal injury. Lower the device so that the needles are perpendicular to the skin while providing mild traction nearby with a free hand, taking care not to inflict a needlestick injury. Glide the device over the skin in all directions (horizontal, vertical, oblique) until pinpoint bleeding is visible, which usually occurs after 3–6 passes depending on the area treated. It may be helpful to treat thicker, less sensitive areas first to allow the patient to adjust to the pain he or she may experience. Once the procedure is complete, remove blood and the topical agent with sterile water-soaked gauze. Apply a post-procedure serum, also often provided by the manufacturer, to the treatment areas. Cooling masks without active ingredients may also be used to soothe any pain and swelling.
Ruxolitinib cream for the short-term treatment of mild-moderate atopic dermatitis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Piotr K Krajewski, Jacek C Szepietowski
Mild to moderate exacerbations of AD typically do not require systemic treatment and are managed by a combination of topical treatments and phototherapy [5]. The efficacy of topical therapy depends on the severity of exacerbation, strength, formulation of the topical agent, and the correct application [1]. Usually, topical anti-inflammatory drugs are applied directly on hydrated skin. However, patients with excessive oozing and excoriation may need the application of wet dressings. Traditionally, topical agents were used to treating exacerbations and would have been stopped after the clearance of lesions. Currently, anti-inflammatory medication in a long-term, proactive regimen (2 days a week) seems to significantly decrease the flare-up severity and increase the duration between them [3].
Clinical efficacy and safety of topical difamilast in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Li-Chin Lu, Chien-Ming Chao, Shen-Peng Chang, Shao-Huan Lan, Chih-Cheng Lai
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with typical manifestations that include eczematous, lichenified lesions and intense pruritus [1]. AD is a common skin disorder with an estimated prevalence of 15%–20% and 1%–3% in children and adults, respectively [1,2]. The pathogenesis of AD is complicated and involves genetic predisposition; epidermal dysfunction; skin microbiome dysbiosis; immune dysregulation; the neuroimmune system; and cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, IL-17, IL-23, IL-31, and IL-33 [3–5]. Although topical corticosteroids and topical calcineurin inhibitors remain the standard treatment measures for AD [2], their use can be associated with local adverse events (AEs) or even systemic effects [6,7]. Therefore, a novel effective topical agent with fewer adverse effects is urgently needed.
Single ascending dose safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic study of econazole in healthy volunteers
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Himanshi Khera, Avaneesh Kumar Pandey, Nusrat Shafiq, G.K. Khuller, Ritika Kondel Bhandari, Aditi Panditrao, Nanda Gamad, Rachna Rohilla, Samiksha Bhattacharjee, Naveen Murali, Harish cvn, Devraj Belavagi, Chakrant Mothsara, Manjula Singh, Navneet Sharma, Digamber Behera, Samir Malhotra
Repurposing of drugs for the treatment of MDR tuberculosis can be one of the approaches to prevent drug resistance [9]. Various drugs like clofazimine, linezolid, meropenem, and others have been repurposed as anti TB drugs with variable degrees of success [10]. Antitubercular efficacy of econazole has been previously demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo animal studies in our institute [11]. It was shown that at minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.120 µg/ml econazole had an antimycobacterial action comparable to rifampicin which is designated as first line anti tubercular drug with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.21 µg/ml [12]. Econazole is an old drug that was developed as an antifungal agent was shown to have good antifungal activity in in adults and children [13]. It is currently available only as a topical agent. Pharmacokinetics of oral econazole was evaluated in a small healthy volunteer study. An oral dose of 500 mg of radiolabeled econazole was administered orally and it was found that 40% and 27% or orally administered econazole was recovered in urine and feces, respectively, and complete excretion of drug took place in 72 h [14].