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Apiaceae Plants Growing in the East
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Sherweit El-Ahmady, Nehal Ibrahim, Nermeen Farag, Sara Gabr
The main active constituents of A. visnaga are the γ-Pyrones and coumarins which make this plant unique among all other Apiaceae members. The former γ-Pyrones are furanochromone derivatives of which the major ones are Khellin and visnagin. Others include 4-norvisnagin, khellinol, visamminol, ammiol, and khellol as well as 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-γ-pyrone-7-O-glucoside and pimolin (III), and khellinin, khellinone, and visnaginone. Another major class is the coumarins, which are divided into two sub-groups, namely, pyranocoumarins and furanocoumarins. The former is isolated from the fruits and named cis-khellactone-30-β-d-glucopyranoside, in addition to visnadin, samidin, and dihydrosamidin, while furanocoumarins are present in smaller amounts and include xanthotoxin, ammoidin, bergapten, and psoralene (Abou-Mustafa et al. 1990, Elgamal et al. 1998, Guenaydin and Beyazit 2004, Hashim et al. 2014, Sonnenberg et al. 1995, Zgorka et al. 1998).
The Plant Kingdom
Published in Spyridon E. Kintzios, Maria G. Barberaki, Evangelia A. Flampouri, Plants That Fight Cancer, 2019
Coumarins are lactones of o-hydroxycinnamic acid. Almost all natural coumarins have oxygen (hydroxyl or alkoxyl) at C-7. Other positions may also be oxygenated and alkyl side-chains are frequently present. Furano- and pyranocoumarins have a pyran or furan ring fused with the benzene ring of a coumarin.
Animal Models for Phototoxicity Testing
Published in Francis N. Marzulli, Howard I. Maibach, Dermatotoxicology Methods: The Laboratory Worker’s Vade Mecum, 2019
Lark A. Lambert, Wayne G. Warner, Andrija Kornhauser
Table 2 shows the results of several comparative phototoxicity tests for the guinea pig, human, and in vitro assays. Phototoxicity results include those for the guinea pig model used in our laboratory (Giles et al., 1979). For a number of psoralens, the guinea pig model seems to accurately predict human phototoxicity (Kornhauser et al., 1982). The chemical 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (entry 8, Table 2), reported to be lethal in a bacterial system (Harter et al., 1976), was found to be inactive in humans and guinea pigs (Giles et al., 1979). Carbethoxy-psoralen (entry 3, Table 2), a compound of potential therapeutic importance, was found to be weakly phototoxic in humans (Dubertret et al., 1978) and inactive in guinea pigs (Pathak et al., 1967). The sterically hindered psoralen derivatives (entries 3 and 4, Table 2) and pyranocoumarins (entry 5, Table 2) need further testing.
Fraxinol attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury by equilibrating ACE-Ang II-AT1R and ACE2-Ang (1-7)-Mas and inhibiting NLRP3
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yan Wu, Xin Yang, Yuanyuan Ju, Fei Zhao
Coumarin compounds are lactones of O-hydroxycinnamic acid with aromatic odour (Reen et al. 2018). Coumarins contain three main types: simple coumarins, furanocoumarins and pyranocoumarins (Bhattarai et al. 2021). They are all active ingredients in crude drugs that widely distributed in the plant kingdom, and have various biological activities such as antiradiation, antioxidation, antimicrobial, and antihypertensive (Annunziata et al. 2020). A growing number of coumarins have been suggested to be beneficial in preventing or treating ALI. For example, treating septic mice with osthole significantly inhibits the lung injury, leukocytic recruitment, and cytokine productions (Jin et al. 2018). Esculetin, a coumarin derivative, attenuates LPS-induced ALI in mice (Lee et al. 2020). More interestingly, coumarins exert theirs protective functions in lung possibly via modulating ACE2-Ang (1-7)-Mas axis (Shi et al. 2013; Hao and Liu 2016). In this study, Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP) and Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (CTD) databases were used to predict the effective chemical components which are related with ALI. Four common effective chemical ingredients were obtained, coumarin, kaempferol, morin, and fraxinol. Fraxinol was selected for this study since it is a simple coumarin compound (Hammoda et al. 2008), not previously investigated in ALI. Both animal and cell models of ALI were established. The therapeutic effects of fraxinol on ALI were explored by testing lung injury, cytokines secretion, ACE/Ang II/AT1R, ACE2-Ang (1-7)-Mas regulation network and NLRP3 activation. The findings of this study provide experimental basis for ALI treatment.