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Eucalyptus spp. (Eucalypts) and Ficus religiosa (Sacred Fig)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Surendra Pratap Singh, Bhoomika Yadav, Kumar Anupam
The bark of F. religiosa comprises of bergaptol and bergapten. The phytosterols like (Choudhary, 2006), stigmasterol, sitosterol, and its glucoside (sitosteryl-d-glucoside) and lanosterol have been isolated from alcoholic and petroleum ether extracts of the bark (Thomas et al., 2000). The two substituted furanocoumarins, 4-hydroxy-7H-furo [3,2- g] chromen-7-one (Bergaptol) and 4-methoxy-7H-furo [3,2- g] chromen-7-one (Bergapten) are isolated from the benzene extract of the bark (Swami and Bisht, 1996). The isolated furanocoumarins are shown excellent in vitro antimicrobial activity. The carbocyclic polyol “Inositol” is isolated from the alcoholic bark extracts. Vitamin K1, methyl oleonate, n-octacosanol, and lupen-3-one isolated from the petroleum ether extracts of the bark. F. religiosa bark comprises around 8.7% total tannin content on average. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), phenolic components, and saponins are found in the inner bark of F. religiosa (Mali and Borges, 2003).
Apiaceae Plants Growing in the East
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Sherweit El-Ahmady, Nehal Ibrahim, Nermeen Farag, Sara Gabr
The main active constituents of A. visnaga are the γ-Pyrones and coumarins which make this plant unique among all other Apiaceae members. The former γ-Pyrones are furanochromone derivatives of which the major ones are Khellin and visnagin. Others include 4-norvisnagin, khellinol, visamminol, ammiol, and khellol as well as 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-γ-pyrone-7-O-glucoside and pimolin (III), and khellinin, khellinone, and visnaginone. Another major class is the coumarins, which are divided into two sub-groups, namely, pyranocoumarins and furanocoumarins. The former is isolated from the fruits and named cis-khellactone-30-β-d-glucopyranoside, in addition to visnadin, samidin, and dihydrosamidin, while furanocoumarins are present in smaller amounts and include xanthotoxin, ammoidin, bergapten, and psoralene (Abou-Mustafa et al. 1990, Elgamal et al. 1998, Guenaydin and Beyazit 2004, Hashim et al. 2014, Sonnenberg et al. 1995, Zgorka et al. 1998).
Adverse Effects and Intoxication with Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Common side effects of essential oils include irritation of skin and mucosa. Besides these effects, for some furocoumarin-containing essential oils, photosensitivity has been reported. Noteworthy, in sensitive persons, signs of allergy on skin and in the respiratory tract have been reported in several publications, including following examples.
Alloimperatorin from Ammi majus fruits mitigates Piroxicam-provoked gastric ulcer and hepatorenal toxicity in rats via suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Howaida I. Abd-Alla, Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad, Kawkab A. Ahmed, Kamel Shaker
Careful phytochemical investigation of its coumarin contents, lead to isolation of eight linear furanocoumarins including Allo. All compounds 1–8 isolated from the A. majus fruits displayed UV, and 1H and 13C NMR signals characteristic of linear furanocoumarin nucleus in comparison with the corresponding published data in the literature (Prasad et al. 2010; Shalaby et al. 2014). Furanocoumarins such as compounds 2-5 are the most biologically investigated constituents that have been found in Ammi majus (Küpeli Akkol et al. 2020; Banikazemi et al. 2021). Compounds 1, 7 and 8 were isolated in few milligrams. According to our knowledge, compounds 7 and 8 were reported herein from genus Ammi for the first time.
Implications for herbal polypharmacy: coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity increased through common herbal phytochemicals astragaloside IV and atractylenolide I
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Susan M. Britza, Ian F. Musgrave, Roger W. Byard
While cases of herbal toxicity are rising (Gilbert et al. 2014; Lin et al. 2015; Nash et al. 2021), the knowledge of herb-herb interactions in polyherbacy remains incomplete. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to assess the effects of the CYP3A4 enzyme inhibitors AST-IV and ATR-I on coumarin-induced toxicity in an in vitro liver cell model. This study utilized coumarin, which has established cytotoxicity pathways via cytochrome-mediated epoxide production (Figure 1), as an insight into potential furanocoumarin toxicity due to its structural and possible metabolic similarity to the furanocoumarins, its presence in certain herbal medicines (e.g. Angelica sinensis and Celery seed), its high likelihood in dietary exposure, and potential to be used in combination with the other herbs under consideration (e.g. Danggui Buxue Tang, a combination Astragalus, and Angelica) (Loprinzi et al. 1997; Lacy and O’Kennedy 2004; Song et al. 2009; Li et al. 2017). Although coumarin has been shown to have some anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant, antibacterial, and other potential benefits (Venugopala et al. 2013), there remain some reported cases of toxicity (Cox et al. 1989; Egan et al. 1990) and indications for CYP inhibition (Tinel et al. 1987; Kharasch et al. 2000), and hence can present a potential hazard in its own right and provides a comparable exemplar for furanocoumarins.
Himalayan poisonous plants for traditional healings and protection from viral attack: a comprehensive review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Shriya Pathania, Diksha Pathania, Priyanka Chauhan, Mamta Sharma
These diterpenes are classified as phorbol esters and they stimulate protein kinase. In contact with skin, mucosal tissues or the eye they cause acute inflammation, with blister and ulcer formation. Furanocoumarins can penetrate the intercalate dermal cells and skin (Mutschler et al. 2008). When skin is supposed to expose daylight, the Furanocoumarins alkylate DNA, which kills the cells and incites necrosis and robust blister formation. Many species of the Ranunculaceae accumulate the glycoside ranunculin in the vacuole. It splits into the active protoanemonin, which can alkylate proteins and DNA, which causes skin and mucosal irritation, followed by severe inflammation. The proteases or other noxious proteins of plants further worsen the condition by their damaging activity.