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Feminist epistemology
Published in Wendy A. Rogers, Jackie Leach Scully, Stacy M. Carter, Vikki A. Entwistle, Catherine Mills, The Routledge Handbook of Feminist Bioethics, 2022
Kathy Davis (2007) also reflects on women’s first-personal knowledge, reporting how women readers of Our Bodies, Ourselves made connections between their own experiences and content covered in the book, and used these to shape outcomes from medical appointments. One reader wrote to the authors about finally identifying and addressing side effects of long-term intrauterine device (IUD) use. In her case, the book provided information from other women, and gave her the confidence to take her symptoms seriously. In turn, this changed the outcome of the appointment with the doctor: “it gave me the tools to help the doctor figure it out” (Davis 2007: 154).
Postpartum Care
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Obstetric Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Elena R. Magro-Malosso, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz, Daniele Di Mascio
Intrauterine device (IUD) placement <48 hours postpartum is not associated with infectious morbidity, but expulsion rates are higher than with placement >4 weeks. Since many women do not present for postpartum follow-up, overall IUD use is highest when inserted in the immediate postpartum period.
Pregnancy After Liver and Other Transplantation
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
For this reason, an appropriate contraceptive plan should be recommended. Oral contraceptives are relatively contraindicated in women with liver transplant because of many theoretical complications such as the risk of thromboembolism, cholestasis, exacerbated hypertension, and interference in cyclosporine metabolism [9]. Regarding use of intrauterine devices, there is no increased risk for infection, specifically pelvic inflammatory disease, in immunocompromised patients compared to the general population [31–34]; therefore, the use of IUD should be recommended among transplant patients.
How do thiol disulfide balance and copper-ceruloplasmin levels change in women using copper intrauterine devices?
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Hilal Korkmaz, Canan Dura Deveci, Murat Alışık, Vakkas Korkmaz, Zehra Kurdoğlu, Özcan Erel, Yusuf Üstün
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are one of the most effective contraceptive methods. They have a duration of effect of about 10 years and a success rate of over 99% [1]. IUDs have a preventive effect on pregnancy by causing a local inflammatory response in the uterus. In copper IUDs (Cu-RIAs), this inflammation is enhanced by the release of copper ions. It is also known that copper ions reduce the motility of spermatozoa and impair the acrosome reaction [2]. In clinical studies, the most common complications of Cu-IUDs were reported as bleeding, infection and/or pelvic pain. Studies have also shown that there is an increase in copper plasma concentration in women using Cu-IUD [3,4]. However, there are few published studies on the relationship between the plasma copper level of women using Cu-IUDs and the oxidative stress and damage caused by it [5].
Lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate non-hormonal prescription vaginal pH modulator (VPM) gel for the prevention of pregnancy
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Another form of non-hormonal contraception is the copper intrauterine device (IUD), which is an intrauterine device composed of copper wire coiled around a polyethylene frame. Benefits include high efficacy with a failure rate of less than 1% and long-term use for 10 years [15]. It does not require daily use or rely on women remembering to take a pill. IUDs require specialized training of medical staff to insert, which can be a barrier to those with restricted access to healthcare and family planning. The side effects of increased pain and bleeding has caused the removal of the device within the first year in up to 15% of women [16], however, this rate is lower than the discontinuation rates of hormonal contraception, which may be associated with the need for frequent use of those methods. Although up-front costs for the copper IUD can be higher (due to clinic visits for insertion), overall costs may be lower as the IUD does not have to be refilled or replaced frequently. The cost of the copper IUD can range between $0−1000 USD depending on insurance coverage, while the cost of VPM is ~$292–311 USD per box of 12 applicators, or approximately $25 USD per application [17].
Pelvic inflammatory disease among users and non-users of an intrauterine device
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Gabriel Levin, Uri P. Dior, Ronit Gilad, Avi Benshushan, Asher Shushan, Amihai Rottenstreich
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a serious complication of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and of certain gynaecological procedures. PID comprises a spectrum of inflammatory pathologies along the female genital tract with an annual incidence of up to 2% among sexually active women (Workowski et al. 2015). An intrauterine device (IUD) represents one of the most effective contraceptive methods and rapidly gained popularity in recent decades among women across all age groups (Jatlaoui et al. 2017). Approximately, 15% of PID cases are attributed to procedures that involve the breakage of the cervical mucus barrier (Lobo et al. 2017). The correlation between microbiological pathogens associated with PID and IUD usage is debated with conflicting results reported (Svensson et al. 1984; Grimes and Schulz 2001; Ness et al. 2005; Viberga et al. 2005; Bohm et al. 2010; Hubacher et al. 2013). It is well established that increased risk for PID associated with IUD utilisation, if it exists, is mainly restricted to the first four weeks after insertion (Grimes 2000; Viberga et al. 2005; Workowski et al. 2015). Moreover, it has been previously shown that treatment outcomes of patients with PID are not different between women in whom the IUD was retained and those in whom it was removed (Tepper et al. 2013). Accordingly, current guidelines state that in patients with PID carrying an IUD, the IUD should not be removed (Curtis et al. 2016).