China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nanomaterials for Theranostics: Recent Advances and Future Challenges *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Eun-Kyung Lim, Taekhoon Kim, Soonmyung Paik, Seungjoo Haam, Yong-Min Huh, Kwangyeol Lee
Furthermore, phenotypic characteristics of cancer have proper nodes between classical and revised hallmarks of cancer, as denoted in Fig. 16.2 [29, 30]. It is known that cancer is recurrent in the majority of cases when the most appropriate treatments are applied separately. Therefore, various drug combination strategies such as the (i) reversal of resistance approach, (ii) sequential approach, (iii) addition approach, (iv) alternating approach, and (v) pulse dose approach have been proposed [169]. It seems that the immediate challenge and opportunities of theranostics toward personalized cancer therapy lies in full exploitation of combinatorial approaches of various targeted toolkits [220–228]. Design of multifunctional nanoplatforms must come from a better understanding of critical problems in cancer biology and new advantages/shortcomings in nanomaterials.
Pharmacologic Principles
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Some of the mechanisms by which drug-drug interactions come about were discussed in the preceding paragraphs and include interferences with absorption, metabolism, excretion, and protein binding and are expressed as changes of Cmax, Css, t1/2, AUC, Cl, and Vd. It should be emphasized that the same drug combination does not always cause changes of the same magnitude or even in the same direction in all subjects. The complex and multiple reasons for the variability in the outcome in different subjects include genetic makeup, dual effects, i.e., induction-inhibition with varying preponderance in different individuals, and differing environmental conditions (28). Some authors view the differing results as conflicting or controversial evidence; however, it is best to accept that all subjects are not alike and that the outcome of interactions can be or is variable rather than controversial. (Clinically important interactions are described in chapters dealing with individual drugs.) For comprehensive reviews of interactions, see Refs. 27,37,38,39.
Drug Safety Evaluation and Implications for Clinical Investigation
Published in Gary M. Matoren, The Clinical Research Process in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2020
When a clinician or clinical pharmacologist is first approached by a pharmaceutical company regarding his or her interest and willingness to conduct a clinical trial of a new drug, combination, or dosage form, an information package is usually available for discussion. This package is often called an investigational new drug brochure or preclinical information package. In addition to chemical structure, physical chemistry, and pharmacological or biochemical efficacy studies in vitro and in vivo, the package contains relevant toxicology data. An example of the contents of an investigational new drug brochure is shown in Table 1. It is important to understand that the efficacy and safety data presented are often not a complete representation of everything that has been done. Studies deemed not highly relevant are often omitted. Critical studies are often condensed by the original authors or by medical writers preparing the brochure. The final brochure is tailored to fit the perceived needs of the average clinician. If you want additional information about specific studies or want to know if additional work has taken place or has begun since the brochure was written, the medical monitor is the best person to put you in touch with the research or pathology and toxicology staff qualified to answer the question. These questions are welcomed because they demonstrate critical review of the brochure and help keep the preclinical research staff in touch with the real needs of clinical investigators.
Analysis of prescription status of antihypertensive drugs in Chinese patients with hypertension based on real-world study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Renren Yang, Jia Tang, Ming Kuang, Hongying Liu
Although thiazide-type diuretics were recommended as initial therapy for most patients [37], it was observed that the prescription proportion was fairly lower than that of ARBs and CCBs in the current study. The low preference for diuretics may be related to their adverse effects such as hypokalaemia. Diuretics have been recognized as an essential medicine for intensive hypertensive treatment. In a review, Sato et al. [38] have demonstrated that ARBs-based combination therapies with either CCBs or diuretics were well tolerated and effectively lower the BP throughout a 24-hour interval by their long-acting half-lives, nighttime BP lowering effect and improving adherence. A similar result was reported by a randomized controlled experiment in Japan [39]. What’s more, a sub analysis of a clinical study has also revealed that combining ARBs with diuretics may produce better cardiovascular outcomes than combining an ARB with BBs, even in individuals with poor blood pressure control [40]. Also, the present study showed that Diuretics + ARBs and Diuretics + CCBs + ARBs were the most commonly prescribed pattern in two-drug combination therapy and three-drug combination therapy respectively, which reconfirmed these results.
Combination of losartan and puerarin induced pharmacokinetic interaction in hypertension rats enhances the antihypertensive effect of losartan
Published in Xenobiotica, 2023
Reasonable co-administration of several drugs with similar or complementary indications, especially the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, could avoid adverse reactions and enhance curative effects (Liu et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2020; Fu et al. 2021; Zhong et al. 2022). However, there are also risks associated with drug combination, which leads to reduced efficacy, and even toxic side effects. Due to differences in the absorption, metabolism, and elimination mechanism of different drugs, it is common for drugs to show different responses between individuals. Therefore, the specific interaction between combined drugs also requires detailed analyses. Cytochrome P450 enzymes, a family of ferrous heme-mercaptan proteins, have been demonstrated to mediate most drug-drug interactions, and their activity has become a novel and effective research approach for drug-drug interaction (Lynch and Price 2007; Hakkola et al. 2020; Shumyantseva et al. 2022).
Bioactive Compounds of Rheum ribes L. and its Anticancerogenic Effect via Induction of Apoptosis and miR-200 Family Expression in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
İlknur Çınar Ayan, Sümeyra Çetinkaya, Hatice Gül Dursun, İpek Süntar
Chou-Talalay method applied in drug combination studies is based on the median effect equation (16). In the combination analysis, the synergism and/or antagonism effect of the combination of agents used in a given dose is determined. The effects of the drug combination used in this study were evaluated according to the combination index (CI). CI < 1 describes the synergistic effect, CI = 1 describes additive effect, and CI > 1 describes the antagonistic effect. In order to determine the synergistic/antagonistic effects of the root-methanol extract of R. ribes and 5-FU, different concentrations of IC50 combinations of these two agents were treated with HCT 116 and HT-29 cells for 48 h, then cytotoxicity testing was repeated. CI values were calculated with “CalcuSyn 1.0” program via using the data obtained.