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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Zanamivir is an antiviral used to treat influenza. Among 180 first trimester pregnancies exposed to zanamivir, the frequency of birth defects in infants was not increased (Dunstan et al., 2014). It is an FDA category C drug.
Infections
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
In terms of understanding the curative effects in children, studies are fewer than for adults; a reduction of the average length of symptoms of 1.25 days has been observed with zanamivir [12]. Oseltamivir also reduces symptoms (by 36 hours) compared to placebo: fever, coughing, secondary complications requiring the prescription of antibiotics (reduction of 40%), and formation of secondary ear infections (reduction by 44%) [13]. Studies in adults suggest that both drugs are effective in preventing infection [14]. Zanamivir is recommended for curative treatment of influenza A and B for adults and adolescents older than 12 years of age, administered by inhalation twice daily for 5 days, i.e. 20 mg/day. The drug is effective during the first 48 hours upon first appearance of symptoms [12].
Antiviral therapeutics for viral infections of the central nervous system
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Zanamivir requires administration by oral inhalation due to its poor oral bioavailability. The amount of drug reaching airway and lung mucosa is adequate to inhibit viral replication [75]. Zanamivir is generally well tolerated, but some patients experience exacerbation of reactive airways disease with treatment [76,77]. Systemic absorption is approximately 15% [75], which likely explains the rug’s benign side effect profile. Renal dose adjustment is rarely needed despite the fact that the unchanged compound is excreted via the kidneys.
The protective effect of 999 XiaoErGanMao granules on the lungs and intestines of influenza A virus-infected mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yuan-zhen Hao, Li-feng Cen, Ting Wang, Tong Yi, Xun-long Shi, Hui-juan Duan, Zhi Dai, Hai-yan Zhu, Jian-guo Tang
Although several anti-influenza virus drugs have been discovered and applied, drug resistance continues to emerge as the influenza virus continues to change abnormally, which reduces the effectiveness of the drugs. In addition, these anti-influenza drugs have various gastrointestinal adverse reactions. For example, the most common adverse reactions of oseltamivir are nausea and vomiting; zanamivir may cause bronchospasm; peramivir may cause diarrhea. The results of a genetic meta-analysis (Dobson et al. 2015) suggested that oseltamivir in adults with influenza accelerates time to clinical remission and reduces the risk of lower respiratory tract complications and hospital admissions, but increases the incidence of nausea and vomiting. Researchers are also concerned about whether the adverse reactions of these drugs outweigh their therapeutic effects. Therefore, TCM with milder efficacy is deemed a preferable treatment option for influenza infection in China.
Management of influenza – updated Swedish guidelines for antiviral treatment
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Johan Westin, Emmi Andersson, Malin Bengnér, Anna Berggren, Mia Brytting, Erica Ginström Ernstad, Anna C. Nilsson, Martina Wahllöf, Gabriel Westman, Maria Furberg
Neuraminidase inhibitors have for several years been the only drugs with effect on influenza virus, accessible in Sweden. The group includes two drugs, oseltamivir and zanamivir [6–10].Oseltamivir (Tamiflu and Ebilfumin) is supplied as capsules (in doses of 30, 45 and 75 mg) and powder for oral suspension (6 mg/ml). The capsules can be opened, the contents dissolved in liquid, and like the solution, given via nasogastric tube. Adequate uptake is usually also seen in intensive care patients [11,12].Zanamivir is supplied as inhalation powder (Relenza, 5 mg/dose) and solution for intravenous infusion (Dectova, 10 mg/ml).
Variant influenza: connecting the missing dots
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Vivek Chavda, Rajashri Bezbaruah, Tutumoni Kalita, Anupam Sarma, Juti Rani Devi, Ratnali Bania, Vasso Apostolopoulos
Both zanamivir and oseltamivir are equally effective against influenza A and B. The drug zanamivir is available as a dry powder inhaler, which is prescribed to treat acute influenza infections in individuals more than 7 years of age who have had symptoms for more than 48 hours [136,137]. Zanamivir is also used as prophylaxis in influenza in 5 years and above patients. Oseltamivir capsule is recommended for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza A or B in anyone over the age of one who has had symptoms for less than 48 hours. Oseltamivir is recommended as a preventive measure against influenza infection in children under the age of one year. Furthermore, Tamiflu is also recommended to treat influenza. Both zanamivir and oseltamivir, are two antiviral medicines licensed for prophylaxis as well as the treatment of influenza in the US [21,138,139]. Oseltamivir is the medication of choice for both prevention and therapy. The antiviral drug oseltamivir is generally well tolerated. Increased doses, especially those above 300 mg per day, may cause gastrointestinal adverse effects like nausea and vomiting. Bronchitis, sleeplessness, and vertigo are all possible adverse effects. Pseudomembranous colitis, angina, and peritonsillar abscess have been recorded less frequently. Anaphylaxis and skin rashes have been reported occasionally [138].