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Pulmonary diseases in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Leah Lande, Abraham Sanders, Dana Zappetti
Aspiration into the lung of stomach contents occurs most often during or immediately after labor. The combination of delayed gastric emptying, a relaxed lower esophageal sphincter, and increased intra-abdominal pressure with recumbency and sedation or analgesia increase the risk of vomiting and aspiration. Acutely, aspiration can lead to a chemical pneumonitis or bronchospasm, and aspiration of upper airway organisms such as anaerobes and streptococci can ultimately lead to a bacterial pneumonia. Chemical pneumonitis, while hard to distinguish from pneumonia, generally has an acute onset with dyspnea, cough, and low-grade fever. Radiographs reveal multifocal infiltrates with basilar predominance and treatment is supportive. Bronchospasm can be indistinguishable from asthma with dyspnea and wheezing and is treated with bronchodilators (91,92).
Clinical Rehabilitation of COVID-19
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
Airway cleaning: The “ha” coughing technique and deep inhalation stage expansion are adopted, and personnel should take care not to cause severe irritating and increased breathing work in patients. It is also possible to use positive pressure expiratory therapy/oscillatory positive pressure expiratory therapy, high-frequency chest wall vibration, and other methods, making it easier for patients to discharge airway secretions and improve lung function and prevent pulmonary complications. Pay attention to avoid causing or exacerbating bronchospasm. Patients with impaired consciousness or sedation are usually treated with three different frequencies of 10 Hz, 12 Hz, and 14 Hz for 10 minutes each. After treatment, the nurse should suck sputum.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Aerosolized treatment is often used in patients with chronic lung disease such as cystic fibrosis. Main indications are eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and suppression of chronic infection. Aerosolized treatment has also been used as an adjunct to systemic infection in severe respiratory infections in other populations such as critically ill patients. Main agents used for aerosolized treatment are colistin, tobramycin and aztreonam. Bronchospasm can occur as a side effect.
The reality of LAMAs for adult asthmatic patients
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Maria Inês Luz, Rita Aguiar, Mário Morais-Almeida
Most of the experience with tiotropium comes from its use in COPD and many of the undesirable effects can be attributed to its antimuscarinic action. The mechanism of action and adverse effects of each of the anticholinergic agents are very similar. The most common adverse effect is dry mouth and other gastrointestinal complications, less commonly urinary retention and urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and tachycardia [41]. Paradoxical bronchospasm is a rare idiosyncratic effect that occurs in about 0.3% of patients. In most studies, the incidence of patients reporting these adverse effects was low, and overall, the safety profile of tiotropium was comparable to placebo.
Research progress in the mechanism of calcium ion on contraction and relaxation of airway smooth muscle cells
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2021
Xiyu Du, Juan Zhi, Dong Yang, Qianyu Wang, Xiang Luo, Xiaoming Deng
The mechanism of Ca2+ on airway smooth muscle cells is very complex. Previous studies are trying to describe the regulation mechanism of Ca2+ on airway smooth muscle cells and its effect on the cell contraction and relaxation. However, there are still many unclear mechanisms for the regulation of intracellular Ca2+, the change of calcium ions concentration and its regulatory signaling pathway. Further study of its exact mechanism and target will provide theoretical support and new ideas for clinical prevention and treatment of perioperative bronchospasm attacks and various respiratory related diseases.
Pulmonary complications of influenza infection: a targeted narrative review
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2019
Asil Daoud, Amir Laktineh, Corey Macrander, Ammara Mushtaq, Ayman O. Soubani
Antiviral therapy is generally well tolerated with no significant side effects. The only side effect that is relevant to pulmonary complications is with Zanamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor that can be used as an inhaler against influenza. Bronchospasm has been identified as a potential side effect of this agent [105]. The FDA has issued a fatality report related to its use in mechanically ventilated patients as the lactose-containing carrier might obstruct the ventilator tubing. This form of NI is not meant to be used as nebulizer form, and it should only be used with the assisted device (Diskhaler) provided with the product [106].